Novell       ®

            Customer
            Communities

Linux Quick Reference Guide
   ux     k         e                                                                        v1.5




        Contents    Sponsor pages:
                       GroupLink - 3 Steps
                       GroupLink - 3 Solutions

                    Linux Quick References:
                        Console Usage Tips............................................. 1
                        Boot Information ................................................1
                        Mount Options ...................................................1
                        Important Linux Directories, ............................... 2-3
                           Configuration Files
                           and Block Devices
                        X Window Keystrokes .......................................... 3
                        Linux Commands ............................................. 4-8
                           (with DOS/Windows equivalents)

                    Sponsor pages:
                       HOT Labs - Linux Certification Boot Camp
                       HOT Labs - Boot Camp Tour - Dates and Cities




 Sponsor Partners
                                                      The premier provider of
                                                 customer engagement software for
                                                   Linux and Novell technologies.
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                                                    HOT Labs is Hands On Training!
                                                      Custom training for new
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                             producers
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LINUX IS FINALLY GETTING
                                                        THE RESPECT IT DESERVES...
                        CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
                            FOR NOVELL AND LINUX        NOW WHAT?

contents




                                     1
  next

previous                                                Quickly and economically deploy your first Linux based*†
                          STEP                          production system within your own I.T. Department …
                                                        a Help Desk.

                                                        (Powerful, web and Linux based I.T. HelpDesk ™ from GroupLink®)




                                    2
                                                        Then impress your users with a high-impact, web
                          STEP                          based field application as your next Linux based*
                                                        production system.

                                                        (Customer Satisfaction™ and eReferrals™ from GroupLink)
    SPONSOR / PARTNER




                          STEP
                                     3                  Then … astound your CEO with revenue generating, profit
                                                        enhancing CRM solutions running from your Linux
                                                        server*.

                                                        (ContactWise® and Collaborative Customer Engagement™ from GroupLink)




                                                        * also compatible with NetWare, GroupWise and/or eDirectory
                                                        † also compatible with ZENworks


                        www.grouplink.net                                             © 2004 GroupLink Corporation   All rights reser ved.
#1 – I.T. HelpDesk™
                        NetWare & Linux Enabled
                        Use GroupLink I.T. HelpDesk to leverage your existing Novell and Linux
                        infrastructure.
                        Some of the benefits of I.T. HelpDesk are:
                               Calendar and e-mail integration that allow you to manage
                               appointments, tasks and e-mails
                               Reduction in call volumes, by enabling tickets and requests to be
                               submitted online
                               Reporting and management capabilities to allow you to monitor
contents
                               progress and track productivity
                               ZENworks, eDirectory, NetWare, GroupWise and/or LINUX
  next                         compatible
                               Track Service Levels with Customer Surveys
previous
                               KnowledgeBase



                        #2 – GroupLink eReferrals™
                        For NetWare & Linux               (Also options for GroupWise or other)
                        Drive – Motivate – Compensate
                        GroupLink’s eReferral product is a web-based end-to-end referral management system. It is designed for
                        banks and other financial service institutions to facilitate initiation and management of qualified leads/prospects.
                        It empowers management to track and improve the referral process from beginning to end — from increasing
                        profitable referrals to managing and rewarding successful closures. GroupLink’s eReferral product uses a
                        web-interface to provide comprehensive account and interaction history. Use of this web technology allows
                        institutions to leverage their existing I.T. investments.



                        #3 – ContactWise®
    SPONSOR / PARTNER




                        For NetWare & Linux
                        Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Sales Force Automation (SFA) for Novell eDirectory &
                        GroupWise (or other)
                        ContactWise allows an organization to maintain a detailed history of all customer interaction. The history tab
                        gives a complete view of everything happening with a specific contact or account, from referral to sales to
                        customer service. Salespeople and customer service personnel can add attachments, notes, and other annota-
                        tions, and view such information in context with everything that has transpired with a particular individual.
                               See all organization history, categorized by each contact in one window.
                               Provide a single view of your organization to your customer: whenever your customer calls, each and
                               every employee will know what the customer’s past interactions have been with your organization, in
                               order to better enable your organization to meet the customer’s specific needs.
                               Ensure all customer commitments are met by having appointments & tasks posted to the appropriate
                               person or department’s calendar (GroupWise or other).
                               Secure your contact information by assigning rights on who can read, write and delete information.
                               Mass Mail with automatic mail personalization.
                               Opportunities Management

                        Contact us for a free demonstration! 801-298-9888 X 138
                        or click below:
                                                                                                                   CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
                                                                                                                       FOR NOVELL AND LINUX


                        www.grouplink.net                                                    © 2004 GroupLink Corporation        All rights reser ved.
Linux Quick Reference Guide
               Key C o m m a n d s , F i l e s a n d D i r e c t o r i e s

                                                                                   Novell Customer Communities


               Console Usage Tips                                               Boot Information:
               $0 Command name                                                  GRUB
               ' ' Full quote (no expansion)                                    grub GRUB is the GRand Unified
               " " Partial quote (allows variable and                                     Bootloader. This newer bootloader
                    command expansion)                                                    provides filesystem support where
               $$ Process id                                                              it can use filenames as opposed to
               $* All arguments as a simple word                                          sector locations for the kernel,
contents                                                                                  initrd, etc. This allows you to
               $n nth argument (n from 0 to 9)                                            leave a configuration file
               $var Use value for variable                                                untouched and still be able to boot
  next
               &    Run process in background.                                            from a new kernel, change
               ( ) Execute in subshell; output from                                       geometry on the drive, and change
previous
                    multiple lines can be directed to                                     filesystems without problems. The
                    one file by using this option.                                        GRUB boot loader gives you either
               *    wildcard - represents everything.                                     a menu to choose predefined boot
                    eg. 'cp from/* to' will copy all files                                options from, or a command line
                    in the from directory to the to                                       interface for custom boot options.
                    directory                                                   grub-install
               .    Single Period ' . ' - The current                                     Installs grub onto the hard disk
                    directory, used in './<command>' to                         LILO
                    execute the file 'command'
                                                                                lilo
               .. Double Period ' ..' - Parent                                            LILO is Linux's older boot loader.
                    Directory
                                                                                          LILO is typically in the MBR, but
               ./configure                                                                can be installed in the ROOT ( / )
                   Execute the script preparing the                                       partition. LILO cannot look beyond
                   installed files for compiling                                          the first 1024 cylinders (8 GB) of
               ;   Separate commands on same line                                         the boot drive to find the boot
               ?   Single character wildcard. eg. cp                                      loader UNLESS LBA mode is
                   config.? /configs will copy all files                                  enabled."
                   beginning with the name config. In                           lilo -D dos
                   the current directory to the                                           set LILO default OS (default=dos in
                   directory named configs.                                               lilo.conf)
               [ ] Match any characters enclosed                                lilo.conf
               [xyz]                                                                      LILO boot loder configuration file
                   Choice of character wildcards. eg.                           Linux Kernel Boot Options
                   ls [xyz]* will list all files in the
                   current directory starting with the                          <linux boot option> init=/bin/sh rw
                   letter x, y, or z.                                                     Gain root access during boot
                  Quote the following character.                                         prompt without password, can be
                   Also used to enter text that is not                                    used to fix some problems.
                   normally available on keyboard.                              <linux boot option> single
                   Also used to break a command line                                      At the lilo prompt, start in single
                   into multiple lines.                                                   user mode. This is useful if you
               ` ` ( back ticks ) Substitute output of                                    have forgotten your password. Boot
                   enclosed command                                                       in single user mode, then run the
                                                                                          passwd command.
               |   ( pipe ) - Takes the stdout and it
                   becomes the stdin for the
                   command after the pipe
                                                                                Mount — Options and Examples
               <   Redirect input                                               mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom mnt/cdrom
                                                                                          Mount the device cdrom and call it
               << Uses a delimiter with text to pass                                      cdrom under the /mnt/ directory.
                   as input to a command. Helpful for
                   scripting programs such as                                   mount -t msdos /dev/hdd /mnt/ddrive
                                                                                          Mount hard disk “d” as a msdos file
                   ftp/telnet for cron jobs.
                                                                                          system and call it ddrive under the
               >   Redirect output                                                        /mnt/ directory.
               >> Used to append data to another                                mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/cdrive
                   file. Example:                                                         Mount hard disk “a” as a VFAT file
                   ls >> ls_weekly.out                                                    system and call it cdrive under the
                   This example will append the                                           /mnt/ directory.
                   results of ls to the end of the file




           1
                   ls_weekly.out


                                                                                 Novell Customer Communities


                                 © Copyright 2004 Insitute for Network Professionals and Novell, Inc. All rights reserverd.
Important Linux Directories,                /etc/ftpusers
                                                               User names excluded from the
               Configuration Files and                         default operational mode of the ftp
               Block Devices                                   server. Ie. If all users are denied
                                                               then these are all of the users who
               $HOME/.bash_profile                             are allowed, and if all users are
                   bash system wide and per user init          allowed then these are those who
                   files                                       are disallowed.
               $HOME/.bashrc                               /etc/group
                   bash system wide and per user init          Group listing, passwords, and
                   files                                       member lists.
               /   The root of the filesystem, all         /etc/host.allow
                   other files and directories use this        TCP wrapper host control files,
                   as a starting point.                        allows these systems to connect.
               /bin/                                       /etc/host.conf
                   Binaries Directory--contains                host name information look up
                   common executables for system               order
contents           operation, and cannot contain
                   subdirectories in order to comply       /etc/host.deny
                   with HFS conventions. This is a             TCP wrapper host control file
  next             STANDARD directory.                         denies listed systems from
                                                               connecting.
               /boot/
previous           Directory containing pertinent boot     /etc/HOSTNAME
                   information and executables, such           Full hostname including domain
                   as the kernel, and initrd,              /etc/hosts
                   grub.conf. Must be within 1024              A list of all known host names and
                   cylinders from the start of the             IP addresses
                   physical disk.                          /etc/hosts.equiv
               /dev/                                           Host list of computers that are
                   Devices Directory. This is a                trusted to use rsh (remote shell).
                   STANDARD Directory.                     /etc/hosts.lpd
               /dev/fd0                                        Host list of computers that are
                   Block device that refers to the first       trusted to send lpr commands to
                   floppy drive.                               this system.
               /dev/lp0                                    /etc/httpd/conf/
                   Block device that refers to the first       Directory for Apache Web Server
                   parallel port (ie LPT1 in                   configuration
                   DOS/Windows).                           /etc/init.d/
               /etc/                                           Directory containing runlevel
                   Configuration Files Directory. This         scripts for system startup
                   is a STANDARD Directory.                /etc/inittab
               /etc/auto.master                                Control file that determines how
                   auto mount master file.                     the system boots
               /etc/bash.bashrc                            /etc/lilo.conf
                   Shell variables.                            LInux LOader configuration that
                   Executes right after /etc/profile           specifies boot options, kernels, and
                   and /etc/profile.local on login.            other boot parameters.
                   Executes upon opening every new             NOTE: Lilo must be re-run after
                   shell.                                      changes are made to lilo.conf
                   /etc/bash.bashrc contains:              /etc/lpd.conf
                   - $PS1 - User command prompt
                                                               Line Printer Daemon configuration
                   - ALIAS - Aliases
                                                               file
                   - Link to /etc/bash.bashrc.local
                   NOTE: Any changes should NOT be         /etc/lpd.perms
                   done in this file, but rather in the        Line Printer Daemon permissions
                   /etc/bash.bashrc.local file.                configuration file
               /etc/bash.bashrc.local                      /etc/motd
                   Overrides /etc/bash.bashrc                  Message of the Day broadcast to all
                   Changes should ONLY be made in              users on login
                   THIS file instead of in the             /etc/networks
                   /etc/bash.bashrc file.                      File that contains network ranges
               /etc/bashrc                                     and their associated names
                   bash system wide and per user init      /etc/nsswitch.conf
                   files.                                      Configuration file that defines the
               /etc/cron.*                                     order in which lookup of
                   There are 4 directories that                hostnames/dns names occurs
                   automatically execute all scriptes      /etc/passwd
                   within the directory at intervals of        File that has information that
                   hour, day, week or month                    defines user accounts on the
               /etc/default                                    server, their shell, UID, default
                   Default for certain commands.               group, home directory, and either a
                                                               hash for their password or a marker
               /etc/exports                                    indicating that it is in the shadow
                   NFS server export list.                     password file.



           2
               /etc/fstab
                   List of block devices and their
                   associated mount points and mount
                   options
Important Linux Directories,               /lib/
                                                              Library Files Directory. This is a
               Configuration Files and                        STANDARD Directory.
               Block Devices - continued                  /mnt/
               /etc/printcap.local                            Mount Point Directory. This is a
                   Printer database, changes should be        STANDARD Directory.
                   made here as /etc/printcap is          /opt/
                   regenerated each time the daemon           Optional Directory. This is a
                   loads. This file is not used nor           STANDARD Directory.
                   referenced with a CUPS solution.
                                                          /proc/
               /etc/profile                                   Kernel Process Information
                   Sets up shell variables that are           Directory. This is an OPTIONAL
                   global for everyone. Loaded right          Directory.
                   after login. Executes once only at
                   login.                                 /proc/interrupts
                                                              Contains which interrupts are in
               /etc/profile.local                             use and which are available.
                   Changes to your global variables
contents           should be made here.                   /proc/ioports
                                                              Contains which I/O addresses are
               /etc/protocols                                 in use and which are available.
  next             This file contains protocol IDs and
                   their names. Useful for                /proc/pci
previous           determining network traffic                Lists which PCI devices are
                   problems.                                  already installed and their I/O
               /etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd [option]                  addresses and interrupts.
                   [option] should be replaced with:      /root/
                   start - Starts the print daemon            Root User's Home Directory. This
                   status - Displays the status of the        is an OPTIONAL Directory.
                   print daemon                           /sbin/
                   stop - Stops the print daemon              System Binaries Directory. This is
               /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1                             a STANDARD Directory.
                   IP address, Network mask, Default      /srv/
                   gateway are in these files. May edit       This directory is used for
                   manually to modify network                 services' runtimes and working
                   parameters.                                files. This is an OPTIONAL
               /etc/rc.d/rc.local                             Directory.
                   Bash script that is executed at the    /tmp/
                   end of login process - like                Temporary Director. This is a
                   autoexec.bat in DOS                        STANDARD Directory.
               /etc/resolv.conf                           /usr/
                   Defines IP addresses of DNS servers        This directory is used as a system
               /etc/rpc                                       resource. Many times, libraries,
                                                              applications, and source code
                   RPC service name to their program          are installed in this folder.
                   numbers mapping.                           Kernel compiling usually takes
               /etc/services                                  place in the /usr/src/linux/
                   TCP/IP services and ports mapping.         subdirectory. This is a STANDARD
               /etc/shadow                                    directory.
                   Read-only to Root access processes,    /var/
                   used to avoid theft of user                Logfiles are generally stored in
                   passwords.                                 the /var directory or log
               /etc/shells                                    subdirectory. Variable data from
                   The /etc/shells file serves as the         applications and some binaries
                   list of valid shells that may be           are installed here. This is a
                   loaded.                                    STANDARD directory.
               /etc/skel/                                 ~/.Xdefaults
                   Template folder that contains files        Defines some parameters for
                   for new users.                             X-Windows (~ refers to user's
                                                              Home Directory)
               /etc/smb.conf                              ~/.xinitrc
                   Configuration for the SAMBA server
                   to allow file and print sharing with       Defines windows manager loaded
                   Windows clients                            by X-Windows (~ refers to user's
                                                              Home Directory)
               /etc/sysconfig/
                   A directory containing system          X Window Keystrokes
                   configuration files.
                                                          ctrl+alt+backspace
               /etc/sysconfig/network                         Stop X server (some systems use
                   The networking configuration file,         ctrl+alt+esc)
                   specifies network interfaces, IP
                   addresses, and other protocols.        ctrl+alt+F1
                                                              Switch to text mode console 1
               /etc/X11/XF86Config
                   Configuration file for XFree86's X     ctrl+alt+F7
                   Server                                     Switch back to graphic mode
               /home/



           3
                   The mountpoint or directory where
                   user's personal data is stored. This
                   is an OPTIONAL directory.
Linux Commands                                cpio
                      (DOS/Windows in red)                          Copy files to and from archives
               adduser                                       cron
                      Script to create an new user                  A program that exeutes
                      interactively                                 commands at scheduled times.
               alias                                                The file that specifies what
                   This command is used to create                   this scheduale and commands
                   an alias to a command, can be                    are is /var/spool/cron.
                   used to simplify or automate long         crontab
                   tasks                                            Show or edit cron jobs.
               apropos [subject]                             cut Extract columns
                   List manual pages for subject             date
               aspell                                               (date/time) Set/display date
                   Check spelling interactively                     and time
               at Schedule a job                             dd     (rawrite) Write directly to a
               awk Interpreter for awk scripts                      device
contents       bash                                          df     (chkdsk) View amount of disk
                      (command.com) Advanced                        space available
  next                command interpreter                    diff
               bg     Move a job to the background                  (fc) Compare files line by line
previous       break                                         dnsdomainname
                      (break) Break from loop                       Show DNS domain name.
                      statements                             dos2unix
               bzip2                                                Convert text file from/to linux
                   Compress files (BZip2)                           format
               cat [file]                                    du     (dir /a /s; chkdsk) View
                   (type) Display the contents of a                 amount of disk space used by a
                   file; output can be redirected                   directory recursively
               cd (cd) Change the current                    dump
                   directory.                                       Back up a disk
               cdparanoia                                    e2fsck
                      Rip audio                                     (chkdsk/scandisk) Test a
               cdrecord                                             filesystem for errors (see also
                                                                    fsck)
                      Burn a CD
                                                             echo
               chfn                                                 (echo) Display output
                      Modify finger information (full
                      name, phone number etc.)               elm E-mail reader
               chage                                         emacs
                      Modify account policy (password            Programming environment and
                      length, expire data etc.)                  editor
               chattr                                        env (set) Much like the set
                      Change advanced file attributes            command in that without
                                                                 arguements it displays current
               chgrp                                             environment variables for the
                      Change group ownership of a file           current shell, except env DOES
               chmod                                             NOT display the functions and
                      (attrib) Change file or directory          they are not displayed in
                      attributes or (permissions. Note           alphabetical order. With
                      that file attributes on DOS are            arguements(as in env
                      completely different from                  $VARIABLE), env can be used
                      permissions on Linux.                      to change or add environment
               chown                                             variables to the current shell.
                      Change ownership of a file             eval
               chsh                                                 Evaluate arguments
                      Change default login shell             exec
               clear                                                (call) Execute a new shell
                      (cls) Clear the terminal screen        exit
               cmp (fc) Compare files byte by byte                  (exit) logs out of a SU session
               comm                                                 or shell
                      Compare sorted files                   exportfs
               compress                                             export file system listed in
                      Lempel-Ziv compression program                exports
               continue                                      fdformat
                                                                    (format) Format a floppy disk
                      Resume a program loop
                                                             fdisk
               cp     (copy) The cp command simply
                                                                    (fdisk) Modify the partition
                      copies a file or multiple files to a          table
                      target consisting of a file name
                      or directory.cp -l - Will prompt if    fg Move a job to the foreground
                      a file exists at destination with      file



           4
                      the same file name.cp -r or cp -R             Identify file types
                      - Copy a whole directory
                      structure (recursively)
Linux Commands - continued                hostname
                      (DOS/Windows in red)                      Print the system’s hostname
               find                                      ifconfig
                      (dir /s) Search for a file                (ipconfig) Configures network
                                                                interfaces and displays hardware
               free                                             and IP addresses for each
                      (mem) Display a summary of                interface.
                      current memory usage and
                      availability.                      ifdown
               fsck                                             Bring down a network interface
                      (chkdsk/scandisk) Check a          ifup
                      disk for errors (see e2fsck)              Bring up a network interface
               ftp (ftp) Get/send remote files           inn
               fuser filename                                   News sever
                      Show processes using the file:     ipchains
                      filename                                  FFirewall and NAT
               gaim                                             (/etc/sysconfig/ipchains on
contents                                                        Redhat)
                      Instant messaging/IRC
               gpm (mouse) Mouse server                  iptables
  next                                                       Firewall and NAT
               grep                                          (/etc/sysconfig/iptables on
previous              (find) Used to find                    Redhat)
                      information in a file
                      Format:                            irc Internet Relay Chat client
                      grep [options] pattern [files]     jobs
                      grep -v Print only the lines              Display current jobs
                      that do not match                  joe Wordstar compatible editor
                      grep -c Print only the count
                      (or number) of matching lines
                                                         kbd_mode
                                                                (mode) Set or query the
                      grep -l Print only names of               keyboard mode
                      files with matches
                      grep -n Print matching lines       kbdrate
                      with line numbers                         (mode) Set the keyboard repeat
                      grep -i Ignore case in letters
                                                                rate
                      (uppercase and lowercase           kill
                      ignored)                                  (taskkill) Sends signals to
                      grep -w Whole word search                 process ID'sSignals:
                      grep -s Suppress all error                01 Hangup; if you logout before
                      messages                                  process is done, then process will
                                                                hang
               grip
                                                                09 Kill signal
                      Play CDs and rip MP3s
                                                                15 Terminate (default)
               groupadd
                      Add group                          killall
                                                                (taskkill /t) Kill processes by
               groupdel                                         name
                      Delete group
                                                         ldd <application>
               groupmod                                         An ldd is a Dynamically Linked
                      Modify group                              System Library (much like a .dll
               grpck                                            file in MS Windows). Displays the
                      Verify integrity of group files.          shared libraries required by each
                                                                of the applications listed on it's
               grpconv                                          command line.
                      Convert to shadow groups.
                                                         less
               grpquota                                         (more) Page forward and
                      Manage disk space quota per               backward through files
                      group
                                                         ln     (mountvol) Create a link to a
               grpuncov                                         file or directory
                      Convert from shadow groups.
                                                         locate
               gv     View Postscript/PDF files                 Search for a file via a database
               gzip                                      look
                      Program used to compress a                Look up spelling
                      file. After it compresses the
                      file, it gives the files the       lpc Printer control tool
                      extension .gz to show that it      lpq Display jobs in print queue
                      has been compressed.               lpr (print) Print a file
               halt                                      lprm
                      Stop all processes                        Remove jobs from queue
               head                                      ls     (dir) The list command.
                      Displays the first 10 lines of a          ls -a List all files, including any
                      file                                      hidden files (files that begin with
                      head -n filename                          a period, as in .bash_history)
                      Displayfirst n number of lines            ls -l Long format listing
                      of file filename                          (includes permissions, owner,




           5
               host                                             size, modification time, etc.)
                      (nslookup) lookup host name               ls -R List directories and their
                      or IP                                     contents recursively
Linux Commands - continued                  paste
                      (DOS/Windows in red)                        Appends columns
               lsattr                                      perl
                      List advanced file attributes               Interpreter for perl scripts
               lsof
                      List opened files                    persist
                                                                  Reestablishes a terminated PPP
               lspci                                              connection
                      Lists PCI configuration
                      information for currently            pico
                      installed PCI buses and devices             (edit) Easy to use text editor
                      connected to them                    pine
               lynx/links                                         E-mail and news reader
                      Text-only web browser                ping
               mail                                               (ping) Check if host is reachable
                      Minimal email client                 pppd
               makewhatis                                         Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
contents                                                          Daemon; Required to establish a
                      Make the whatis database
                                                                  dial-up connection. pppd does NOT
  next         man <command>                                      start up at boot time, and usually
                      (<command> /? ) Get help on a
                                                                  needs to be activated in the
                      command                                     modem "chat" script.
previous
               md5sum                                      pppsetup
                      Compute checksums                           Setup PPP connection (Slackware).
               mkdir                                       printtool
                      (md) Create a new subdirectory.
                      Similar syntax                              Start X printer setup interface
               mke2fs                                      ps     (tasklist) Display list of running
                                                                  processes
                      (format) Create a filesystem on
                      a partition                          pstree
                                                                  (tasklist) Displays a list of
               more                                               processes in hierarchal order from
                      (more) Display the contents of a            parent to child
                      file one page/screen at a time.
                      The less utility allows scrolling    pwck
                      back and forth.                             Verify integrity of password files
               mount                                       pwconv
                      (mountvol/net use) Attach a                 Convert to shadow passwords
                      filesystem to the root filesystem,   pwd Print current directory name
                      uses /etc/fstab to define default    pwunconv
                      options for drives and mount                Convert from shadow passwords
                      points
                                                           Quota
               mozilla                                            Manage disk quota
                      (mozilla) Web browser
                                                           rd (rmdir)
               mt Control a tape drive                            (rd) Remove a directory
               mutt                                        rdate
                      Text-based email client                     Query a remote host for the date
               mv (move/ren) Move/rename a file            reboot
               ncftp                                              Stop all processes and then reboot –
                      Fancier version of ftp                      same as above
               netstat                                     renice
                      Show networking statistics                  Change process priorities
               newgrp                                      reset
                      Change to a new group                       Reset the keyboard and screen to
               newusers                                           default modes
                      Update and create new users          restore
                      (batch mode)                                Restore a dump
               nice                                        rlogin
                      Run a program with modified                 Remote login
                      scheduling priority
                                                           rm     Delete files
               nl     Returns the number of lines in a            -R (del) Delete a directory and all
                      text file                                   its contents, including
               nmap                                               subdirectories.
                      Scan a host for opened ports                -rf (deltree) Recursively delete
               od                                                 a directory tree
                   Octal Dump; dumps the specified         rmdir (rd)
                    file to standard output.                      (rmdir) Delete an empty
                   od -c filename ASCII Characters                subdirectory (with -rf it will
                   od -o filename Octal Characters                function like deltree)
                    (the default)                          route
                   od -x filename Hexadecimal                     Show routing information




           6
                    Characters
               passwd [accountname]
                   Give accountname a new
                    password
Linux Commands - continued                   socklist
                      (DOS/Windows in red)                         List opened socked
               rpm Red Hat package manager                  soffice
                      -i INSTALL a package                         Edit Word/Excel/PowerPoint docs
                      -e UNINSTALL a package                sort
                      -q QUERY a package                           (sort) Sort a file
                      -U UPDATE a package                   spell
                      -e package DELETE the rpm                    Check spelling in batch
                      package called package                ssh Securely log into remote hosts
                      -i --force name REINSTALL the
                      rpm package called name having        startx
                      deleted parts of it (not deleting            Start X window system
                      using rpm -e)                         stat
                      -ihv name.rpm INSTAL the rpm                 Display file attributes
                      package called name                   stderr
                      -l package LIST the files in the             stderr - Standard Error 2>
                      package called package
contents                                                    stdin
                      -ql package LIST the files and
                      state the installed version of the           Standard Input; <0 ( or 0< )
  next                package called package                stdout
                      -Uhv name.rpm UPGRADE the rpm                Standard Output >1 ( or 1> )
previous              package called name                   stop
               rsync                                               Suspend a background job
                   Mirror a set of files                    stty
               scp Securely copy files between hosts               Set/display terminal settings
               screen                                       su     Log in as superuser from current
                   Allows you to use advanced                      login
                   functions in a console, such as          SuperProbe
                   multiple virtual consoles, copy and             Detect graphic hardware
                   paste text, and disconnect while
                   leaving the processes and programs       suspend
                   active while being able to                      Suspend a foreground job
                   reconnect later.                         SVGATextMode
               sed Stream editor                                   Set the screen to a different
               set (set) With no arguments, set                    resolution
                   displays all the variables and all       swapoff
                   the functions for a current shell.              Turn off a swap partition
                   With arguments (as in set                swapon
                   $VARIABLE), set is used to change               Turn on a swap partition
                   or add variables to the current
                   shell alphabetically.                    sync
                   NOTE: This only shows variables                 Flush disk caches
                   for this shell only. Any child shells    sys-unconfig
                   will need to have these variables               Unconfigure system
                   exported to them by using the            tail
                   export command.                                 Displays the last 10 lines of a file
               setserial                                           tail -n filename
                      Used to set baud rate on a serial            Display last n number of lines of
                      device                                       file filename
               sftp                                         talk
                      Securely copy files between hosts            Linux/Unix chat
               sh     (command.com) Simplistic              tar
                      command interpreter                          This program takes many files and
               Shadowconfig                                        groups them all into one file
                      Toggle shadow passwords on and               archive with the extension .tar.
                      off                                          Tar is often used with compressed
               shift                                               files from gzip.
                      (shift) Shift positional parameters          Common tar Commands:
                                                                   -z GZip; uncompress file using gzip
               showmount –e hostname                               while reading data.
                      Show file systems exported                   -x Extract; Extract files from
               shutdown                                            archive.
                      -h now Shutdown the system now               -v Verbose; Display the files being
                      and do not reboot                            extracted.
                      -r 5 Shutdown the system in 5                -f File; Read the archive from the
                      minutes and reboot                           file given (if you don't specify a
                      -r now Shutdown the system now               file, tar assumes a tape drive)."
                      and reboot                            tee
               sleep                                               Take stdin and sends it to two
                      Wait for some time                           different files
               slocate                                      telnet
                      Locate files via index                       Interact with another host




           7
               slrn                                         time
                      Threaded news reader with macro              Time a command
                      support                               tin
                                                                   News reader
Linux Commands - continued                                    whatis
                      (DOS/Windows in red)                                            Search the whatis database
               top                                                           whereis
                      Display top CPU processes                                       Locate standard files
               touc                                                          which
                      Set the timestamp on a file                                     Locate commands
               tr Translate characters                                       which missingfilename
               traceroute                                                             Show the subdirectory containing
                      Display the route to a remost                                   the executable file called
                      system                                                          missingfilename
               trn                                                           whois
                      Threaded news reader                                            Look up domain registrants
               umask                                                         write
                      Set default file permissions                                    Send messages to a terminal
               umount                                                        xargs
contents              Detach a filesystem from the root                               Causes a command to take as stdin
                      filesystem                                                      a file with many arguments and yet
                                                                                      runs the command only once
  next         uname
                      (ver) Displays information about                       Xconfigurator
                      the kernel and system                                      Run another X configuration menu
previous                                                                         with automatic probing of graphics
               uncompress                                                        cards
                      Uncompress compressed files
                                                                             xdm X Display Manager; may be stopped
               uniq                                                              with [Ctrl-Alt-Backspace], or killall
                      Locate identical lines                                     xdm.
               unix2dos                                                      xdvi
                      Convert text file from/to linux                                 View TeX DVI files
                      format
                                                                             xf86config
               unset                                                                  Setup X server and generate
                      Used to remove a variable from the                              XF86config
                      current shell
                                                                             XF86Setup
               unzip                                                                  Run the X configuration menu with
                      (pkunzip) Extract files from a zip                              automatic probing of graphics
                      file                                                            cards
               updatedb                                                      XFree86 –configure
                      Create searchable database of files                             XFree86 auto configuration
               uptime                                                                 (Plug-n-Play), generate a template
                      View the system load                                            named “XF86Config.new”
               useradd                                                       xhost
                      Create an new user or update                                    Server access control program for X
                      default new user information                           xload
               userdel                                                                Monitor system load
                      Delete an new user or update                           xlsfonts
                      Default new user information
                                                                                      Server font list displayer for X
               usermod
                      Modify an new user or update                           xmms
                      default new user information                                    (winamp) Play audio files
               usermount                                                     xmodmap
                   Executes graphical application for                                 Modifying key map and mouse
                   mounting and unmounting file                                       button map.
                   systems                                                   xset
               vi (edit) Text editor program: To                                      Server preference utility for X
                   begin the editor type in vi and the                       xsetroot
                   file name ( vi filename )                                          Root window parameter setting
                   vi commands:                                                       utility for X
                   :x Quits and saves                                        xvidtune
                   i Enters the insert mode                                           Run the X graphics tuning utility
                   ESC (ESC key) - quit the insert
                   mode                                                      xxd View binary data
                   : Enter a command                                         zip (pkzip) Create a zip file
                   :! Enter an external command line
                   command                                                   prepared by:
                   :w Saves the changes without                              Institute for Network Professionals
                   exiting
               vim (edit) Vi IMproved text editor
               w   List users’ processes
               wait
                      Wait for a background job to finish
               watch




           8
                      Run programs at set intervals
               wc Count bytes/words/lines
               wget
                      Retrieve web pages to disk
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                             © Copyright 2004 Insitute for Network Professionals and Novell, Inc. All rights reserverd.
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previous                       http://www.HOTlabs.org/lpi/details-bootcamp.htm

                               2005 CITIES & DATES:

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                                   For more CLP information: www.novell.com/training/certinfo/clp/


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                                               © Copyright 2004 Insitute for Network Professionals. All rights reserverd.