PHILOSOPHY and EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

The Philosophy of Education
Rey John B. Rebucas

ARISTOTLE (l. 384-322 BCE)
Who was the tutor/teacher of
Alexander the Great?

SOCRATES (469/470-399 BCE)
Who is generally considered to be
the Father of Western Philosophy?

RENÉ DESCARTES
Who is generally considered to be
the Father of Modern Philosophy?

PYTHAGORAS OF CROTON
Who coined the word
“Philosopher”?

EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
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LESSON OBJECTIVES
Define philosophy;
Identify the branches of
philosophy; and
Define philosophy of education.

PHILOSOPHY AND ITS MEANING
Etymological Definition
 Philosophy comes from the Greek words
philos/philia, meaning “love”, and
sophos/sophia, meaning “wisdom”.
 It is a love of wisdom/knowledge.
 A guide to a way of life.

The study of general and fundamental
problems, such as those connected
with existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language.
Philosophy is a persistent effort of
both ordinary and persistent people
to make life as intelligible and
meaningful as possible. –Branold

Philosophy is the tenacious attempt of
reasoning men to think through the
most fundamental issues of life, to
reach reasonable conclusions on first
and last things, to suggest worthwhile
goals that can command loyalty of
individuals and groups.
- Carlis Lamont

Philosophy is a persistent attempt to
gain insight into the nature of the
world and of ourselves by means of
systematic reflection.-R.W. Seller
Philosophy is a search of a
comprehensive view of nature, a
rational attempt at a universal
explanation of things.-Henderson

Philosophy is a group of perennial
problems that interest people and for
which philosophers always have sought
answers.
Philosophy is the ability to feel at
ease in any society.-Aristippus
Philosophy is the sum of a person’s
fundamental beliefs and convictions.
-Harold Titus

DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHER
According to Plato, philosopher
is the one who has a taste for
every sort of knowledge and who
is anxious to learn and is
never satisfied, being in
search of new ideas, new
knowledge with the help of
growing wisdom.

AXIOLOGY:
Comes from Greek words axios,meaning
“worthy” and logos, meaning
“science/study”.
The study of the nature, types, and
criteria of values and of value
judgments especially in ethics.
Nature of Value: Is value a fulfillment
of desire, a pleasure, a preference, a
behavioral disposition, or simply a
human interest of some kind?
Value Theory

AXIOLOGY:
Principles and values are divided
into two main kinds:
 ETHICS
 AESTHETICS
Sensory-Emotional
Values

ETHICS:
The study the questions of moral &
personal values and problems:(1)the
rightness and wrongness of actions,(2)
the kinds of things which are good or
desirable, and (3) whether actions are
blameworthy or praiseworthy.
Within morality and ethics there are
three major areas: descriptive
ethics, normative ethics, and
meta-ethics.
Science of Morality

MAJOR AREAS OF ETHICS
DESCRIPTIVE/APPLIED ETHICS
 The conduct of individuals, or
personal morality; the conduct of
groups, or social morality; and the
culture patterns of national and
racial groups.
 It deals with the ways moral outcomes
can be achieved in specific
situations.

MAJOR AREAS OF ETHICS
NORMATIVE ETHICS
 It deals with the practical means of
determining a moral course of action.
CRITICAL OR META-ETHICS
 It deals with the theoretical meaning
and analysis reference of moral
propositions and how the truth
values determined reasoning to
justify ethical statements.

AESTHETICS:
Explores the creation and appreciation
of beauty through critical analysis and
reflection on art, culture and nature.
The study of value in the arts or the
inquiry into feelings, judgments of
sentiment, or standards of beauty,
sense, taste, and emotion.
Art and Beauty

EPISTEMOLOGY:
Studies the sources, nature, scope,
limits and validity of knowledge and
truth.
Investigates the origin, structure,
methods, and integrity of knowledge.
Central Questions: What are the sources
of knowledge? Where does genuine
knowledge come from or how do we
know? Is our knowledge valid?
Knowledge

SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
AUTHORITATIVE KNOWLEDGE-based on
information received from the experts,
books, teachers, and etc. Its strength
depends on the strength of these sources.
EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE-based on demonstrable,
objective facts (which are determined
through observation and/or
experimentation).

SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
LOGICAL KNOWLEDGE-arrived at by reasoning
from “point A” (which is accepted) to
“point B” (the new knowledge).
INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE-takes forms such as
belief, faith, intuition, etc. It is based
on mere feelings rather than facts.

LOGIC:
Study of the systematic principles of
valid inference and correct reasoning or
thinking rationally.
Inferences are made by construction of
arguments.
RULES OF LOGIC-determine which arguments
are VALID and which are FALLACIES.
Rules for Thinking

TYPES OF REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING- It involves
constructing or evaluating propositions
that are abstractions of observations of
individual instances of members of the
same class.

TYPES OF REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING-an argument is
constructed by showing that a conclusion
necessarily follows from a certain set
of premises. Such an argument is called
a syllogism.

METAPHYSICS:
Concerned with explaining the nature of
reality.
For Aristotle, it is a comprehensive
thinking about the nature of things.
Explores the fundamental nature of
reality and being (existence, objects,
properties, space and time,
and cause and effect).
Nature of Reality

BRANCHES OF METAPHYSICS
ONTOLOGY-it investigates the basic
categories of being, how they relate to
each other and the systematic account of
existence.
COSMOLOGY-it is the study of the
totality of all phenomena within the
universe.

Historically, philosophical concerns
have been treated under these four main
categories:
1. AXIOLOGY(Ethics & Aesthetics)
2. EPISTEMOLOGY
3. LOGIC
4. METAPHYSICS
5. OTHER BRANCHES
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHIES
PHILOSOPHY OF POLITICS-the study of
government and nation, particularly how
they came about, what makes good
governments, what obligations citizens have
towards their government and so on.
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW- also called
jurisprudence, branch of philosophy
that investigates the nature of law,
especially in its relation to human
values, attitudes, practices, and
political communities.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHIES
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE-concerned with the
philosophical examination of the
postulates and conclusions of different
sciences.
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION-the philosophical
appraisal of human religious attitudes
and the analyses of religious concepts,
beliefs, terms, arguments, and practices
of religious adherents.

EDUCATION AND ITS MEANING
In literary sense, education owes its
origin to the three Latin words:
Educare- means ‘to nourish’, ‘to
bring up’, ‘to raise’
Educere- means ‘to bring forth’, ‘to
draw out’, ‘to lead out’.
Educatum- means- ‘the act of
teaching and training’

Education is a dynamic process, which
involves the interplay of the educator,
students and the social forces to make
an individual socially adjustable and
responsible.-AS Hirschy
It involves the growth and development
of the individual in relation to his
environment to enhance an
individual’s personality to
reach out the world.- CJ Hopwood

Education is the formal process by which
society deliberately transmits its
accumulated knowledge, skills, customs
and values from one generation to
another.-Yekini Lawal
An instrument of social change but is
also viewed as the best investment for
the future.-Lawrence Tomei

INTERDEPENDENCE
Philosophy and Education are like the
sides of a coin, presenting different
views of the same thing, and that one is
implied by the others.-James Ross
Education without philosophy would mean
a failure to understand the precise
nature of education.-Giovanni Gentile

INTERDEPENDENCE
Education is a laboratory in which
philosophical distinctions become
concrete and are tested.
- John Dewey
The aim of education will never
attain complete clearness
without philosophy.
-Johann Fichte

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
The application of the fundamental
principles of a philosophy of life to
the work of education.
The academic field of applied
philosophy which offers a definite set
of principles and establishes a definite
set of aims, goals and objectives.

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
Philosophy of education is a statement (or set
of statements) that identifies and clarifies
the beliefs, values and understandings of an
individual or group with respect to education.
It serves to inspire and direct educational
planning, programs and processes in any given
setting.
It influences what subjects or topics are
taught, how they are taught, and the supporting
beliefs and values that are taught, both
implicitly and explicitly, within and around
the core curriculum.

THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS 
“CIANEODTU WITHOUT
PHILOSOPHY IS LDBNI AND
PHILOSOPHY WITHOUT
EDUCATION IS
LIINDAV”
-Thomas,1968

THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS 
“EDUCATION WITHOUT
PHILOSOPHY IS BLIND
AND PHILOSOPHY WITHOUT
EDUCATION IS
INVALID”
-Thomas,1968

REFERENCES & RESOURCES
Curley, E. (1973).“Experience in Spinoza’s Theory of Knowledge” in Spinoza: A
Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Marjorie Grene, (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday/Anchor Press, 1973), 25-59. Retrieved from
http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/ResearchMethods/RM_1_02.html
on August 15, 2019
Encyclopedia Britannica.(2019). The Divisions and Definition of Philosophy.
Philosophy,” Encyclopedia Britannica (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1911) Vol. 21. Retrieved from https://philosophy. lander.edu/
intro/what.shtml on August 11, 2019
Lynch, M. (2006). What You Need To Know As An Educator: Understanding The 4 Main
Branches Of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://www.theedadvocate.org/need-
know-education-understanding-4-main-branches-philosophy/ on August 13, 2019
Watkins, K. (2001). Tip0003: Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning. Retrieved from
https://www.tes.com/lessons/UnvWH40pdXDAxA/tip0003-deductive-vs-inductive-
reasoning on August 16, 2019
Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-5-main-branches-of-philosophy on
August 16, 2019
Retrieved from https://https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/axiology on
August 16, 2019

PHILOSOPHY and EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY and EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

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