Neuroscience-Presentation-and-Brain-Development.pptx

Neuroscience-Presentation-and-Brain-Development.pptx

• 1.
  Neuroscience and Brain Development by:Kay S. Macanang
• 2.
  What is neuroscience? also known as “neural science” is a study that deals with the structure and function of the nervous system and brain The technological advances in neuroscience allowed scientists to research and develop studies about the human brain, especially in the first six years of a child’s development. This period is a phase of greater plasticity, which is the ability that the brain has to change through the numerous connections made between the neurons for each new experience and learning. With neuroplasticity, the brain is able to modify the physical structure, the chemicals and the function. This occurs through the experiences and stimulus encountered by the child in his or her interactions with the environment.
• 3.
  Nervous System  isour body’s command center  three basic functions:  receives sensory input from internal and external environments  integrate the input  respond to stimuli Our nervous system is composed of two major categories: 1. Peripheral Nervous System 2. Central Nervous System (CNS)
• 4.
  Peripheral Nervous System It handles central nervous system’s input output. It contains all the portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.  Contains sensory nerves (to the brain), carry messages from special reporters in the skin, muscles, and other internal and external sense organs to the spinal cord and then to the brain, and motor nerves (from the brain), carry orders from CNS to muscles, glands to contract and produce chemical messengers.  subdivided into two: 1. Somatic Division 2. Autonomic Division a. Parasympathetic Nervous System b. Sympathetic Nervous System
• 5.
  Somatic Nervous Systemand Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System  consist of nerves connected to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles  permits voluntary action Autonomic Nervous System  permits involuntary functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach and heart two main divisions: a. Parasympathetic Nervous System  slows the body down to keep its rhythm  enables the body to conserve and store energy  like the brakes in your car b. Sympathetic Nervous System  mobilized the body for action  increases heart rate  like the accelerator of your car
• 6.
  Central Nervous System made up of brain and spinal cord Spinal Cord  protected by a column of bones  carries nerve signals throughout the body, these nerve signals help you feel sensations and move your body  example is touching a hot iron
• 7.
  Central Nervous System Brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body  3 main parts:  Cerebrum  Cerebellum  Brainstem
• 8.
  Cerebrum  is thelargest part of the brain and is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres that are connected by a large band of fibers called the corpus callosum  higher forms of thinking takes place in it  handles much of our brain “conscious” actions The cerebrum is covered by several thin layers of densely packed cells known as the cerebral cortex. Each cerebral hemisphere, deep fissures divided the cortex into four lobes: a. Frontal Lobe - toward the front of the brain - motor cortex - voluntary movement of muscles b. Parietal Lobe - top of the brain - somato-sensory - pressure, touch, pain c. Occipital Lobe - back of the brain - visual cortex d. Temporal Lobe - sides of the brain - auditory cortex - memory, perception, emotion, language
• 9.
  Language  the lefthemisphere of the brain is responsible for language and speech and is called the dominant hemisphere a. Broca’s area- lies in the left frontal lobe that directs muscle movements involve in speech b. Wernicke’s area- lies in the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression Specialization and Integration in Language 1. Visual cortex- receives written words as visual stimulation 2. Angular gyrus- transforms visual representations into an auditory code 3. Wernicke’s area- interprets auditory code 4. Broca’s area- controls speech muscles via the the motor cortex 5. Motor cortex- word is pronounced
• 10.
  Specialty Functions inBrain Lateralization A. Left Hemisphere - verbal competence - speaking, reading, thinking and reasoning - process information in sequence; one piece of data at a time - logical B. Right Hemisphere - non-verbal areas - comprehension, spatial relationships, drawing, music, emotion - process information as a whole - intuitive
• 11.
  Cerebellum and Brainstem Cerebellum second largest part of the brain  it functions for muscles coordination and maintains balance and posture Brainstem  bottom, stalk-like portion of the brain  sends messages to the rest of the body to regulate balance, breathing, heart rate and more  three parts: a. Midbrain- top part of the brainstem is crucial for regulating eye movements b. Pons- middle portion which coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance c. medulla oblongata- top part which helps regulate your breathing, heart rhythms, blood pressure and swallowing
• 12.
  Three distinct regionsof the brain: 1. Forebrain- largest region of the brain - hypothalamus regulates homeostasis; involves with drives associated with survival such as hunger, thirst, emotion, sex and reproduction - thalamus serve as a central relay point for incoming nervous messages 2. Midbrain- serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing 3. Hindbrain- composed of medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum The Neurons (neurones or nerve cells)  fundamental units of the brain and nervous system  held in place by glial cells that provides neurons with nutrients, insulate neurons, remove cellular debris when neurons die
• 13.
  Structure of aTypical Neuron a. Dendrites- act like antennas receiving messages b. Cell Body- contains biochemical machinery to keep the neurons alive c. Axon- transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons d. Myelin Sheath- Surrounds the axons. It is a layer of fatty material which derived from glial cells. -to prevent signals from adjacent cells from interfering with each other and to speed up the production of neural impulses  Afferent (sensory neurons) carry nerve impulses towards the brain  Efferent (motor neurons) carry nerve impulses away from the brain
• 14.
   Ganglia areclusters of nerve cells.  Some axons are wrapped in a myelin sheath formed from the plasma membrane of specialized glial cells known as Schwann cells.  Schwann cells serves as supportive, nutritive and service facilities for neurons.  The gap between Schwann cells is known as the node of Ranvier and serves a points along the neurons for generating a signal. The brain is the ultimate organ of adaptation. It takes information and orchestrates behavioral repertoires that allow human beings to act in sometimes marvelous, terrible ways. Most of what people think of as the “self”—what we think, what we remember, what we can do, how we feel—is acquired by the brain from the experiences that occur after birth. Some of this information acquired during critical or sensitive of development, when the brain appears uniquely ready to take in certain kinds of information, while other information can be acquired across broad swaths of that can extend into adulthood.
• 15.
  Thank you!!!