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Uploaded byRituBhargava7
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Database abstraction

The document discusses the three levels of abstraction in a database management system: the internal, conceptual, and external levels. The internal level describes the physical representation and storage of data. The conceptual level defines the logical structure and relationships of data in the database. The external level describes different views of the data that are relevant to users but hides implementation details.

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DATABASE ABSTRACTION Presented by: Dr.Ritu Bhargava Sophia Girls’College(Autonomous) Ajmer
DATABASE ABSTRACTION • The major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of the system. The system hides certain details of how data is stored and created and maintained • Complexity should be hidden from database users. 2
The data in DBMS is described at three levels of abstraction: 1) Internal or physical level 2)Conceptual level 3)External level 3
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INTERNAL LEVEL • At the internal or physical level,Students are represented by a stored record type called STORED-STU ,which is a 74 character long. • Student record contains 4 fields or data items. 5
6 STORED-STU record length 74 SID 4 INTEGER OFFSET 0 UNIQUE SNAME STRING LENGTH 20 OFFSET 0 SMAJOR STRING LENGTH 40 OFFSET 64 SCREDIT DEC 5,2 OFFSET 69
• INTERNAL LEVEL is the physical representation of the database . • This is the lowest abstraction of database. • This level indicates HOW the data will be stored on the Database and describes the data structure,file structure and access methods to be used by the database. • The internal schema defines the stored record ,methods of representing data, indexing,data compression and encryption techniques. 7
CONCEPTUAL LEVEL STORED-STU record length 69 SID : INTEGER (4) SNAME :STRING (20) SMAJOR :STRING (40) SCREDIT: DEC ( 5,2) 8
• At the conceptual level,the database contains information concerning an entity type called STUDENT • Each individual student has a SID,SNAME,SMAJOR,SCREDIT • All the Database entities and relationships are included in this databse abstraction . • It descibes WHAT data is stored in the database and the relationships among the data • IT contains the logical structure of entire databse and seen by DBA. • It applies constraints on the data,has semantic information about the data,checks to retain data consistency and integrity,security information. 9
EXTERNAL LEVEL USER VIEW 1 USER VIEW2 10
• EXTERNAL LEVEL is the user’s view of the database. • This level is the highest level of abstraction . • This level describes that part of database which is relevant to the users. • Any number of user views, may exist for a given conceptual or global view of the database. • It includes only those entities, attributes ,relationships in the real world that is user is interested in. Other may be present in database but user is not aware of it. 11
• In the external level, different views may have different representation on the same data. • Some view include derived or calculculated data i.e data is not stored in the database ,but are related when needed . • This schema consists of the defination of the logical records and the relationships in the external view. • The external Schema is written using external DDL. • It also contains the method of deriving objects in the view from the objects in conceptual level. 12
THANK YOU