Cs1123 2 comp_prog

Cs1123 2 comp_prog

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  Introduction to Programming (CS1123) By Dr.Muhammad Aleem, Department of Computer Science, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Fall 2013
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  What is aComputer? • A computer is a electro-mechanical device that works semi-automatically to process input data according to the stored set of instructions and produces output or resultant data. A Computer System Instructions Data Results
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  Components of aComputer System Main Memory CPU Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Computer Peripheral Devices / Connected devices Keyboard Mouse Display CD Rom Hard Disk
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  Computer Instructions andPrograms • Instruction: A computer instruction is a command or directive given to a computer to perform specific task. Examples: Add 2 and 5, Print “Hello World” • Program: A program is sequence of instructions written in programming language that directs a computer to solve a problem Examples: Draw a square, etc.
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  Computer Instructions andPrograms • Program “Draw a square” 1 – Draw a vertical line of length n inches 2 – Draw a horizontal line of n inches 3– Draw a vertical line of length n inches 4 – Draw a horizontal line of n inches
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  Computer Software System OperatingSystems (Windows, Linux, MAC, Solaris) Compilers / Libraries (C++, C, Java) Application Programs (.cpp, .c, .java,) Computer Hardware
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  Programming Languages • Classificationof programming languages: 1. Machine language 2. Low-level languages 3. High-level languages
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  1. Machine levellanguages • A computer understands only sequence of bits or 1’s and 0’s (the smallest piece of information) • A computer program can be written using machine languages (01001101010010010….) • Very fast execution • Very difficult to write and debug • Machine specific (different codes on different machines)
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  2. Low levellanguages • English encrypted words instead of codes (1’s and 0’s) • More understandable (for humans) • Example: Assembly language • Requires: “Translation” from Assembly code to Machine code compare: cmpl #oxa,n cgt end_of_loop acddl #0x1,n end_of_loop: 1001010101001101 1110010110010100 0101010111010010 0110100110111011 1101100101010101 Assembler Assembly Code Machine Code
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  3. High levellanguages • Mostly machine independent • Close to natural language (English like language keywords) • Easy to write and understand programs • Easy to debug and maintain code • Requires compilers to translate to machine code • Slower than low-level languages
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  3. High levellanguages • Some Popular High-Level languages – COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) – FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) – BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code) – Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal) – Ada (named for Ada Lovelace) – C (whose developer designed B first) – Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language by Microsoft) – C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C) – Java
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  Programming Paradigms • Programmingparadigm is the fundamental style of computer programming 1. Imperative 2. Functional 3. Logical 4. Object Oriented
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  Imperative Paradigm • Machinebased modes (Sequence of steps required to compute) • Statements executed sequentially step-wise • Emphasis on How is to compute • How to obtain the required results or output • Example languages: C, Pascal, Ada, etc.
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  Imperative Paradigm Languages
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  Functional/Logical Paradigm • Specifywhat is to be computed using programming abstractions. • Responsibility of a programmer is to specify What is to compute • How to compute is implementation dependent and is managed by language compiler • Example languages: Lisp, Scheme, Erlang, Haskell, Scala etc.
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  Object-Oriented Paradigm • Programmingwith Abstract Data Types, to model real world • Basic Program Unit: Class (a programmer defined type) – A entity that contains data and methods which work on the data • Basic Run-time Unit: Object – Instance of a class during execution
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  Problem Solving Steps 1.Understand the problem 2. Plan the logic 3. Code the program 4. Test the program 5. Deploy the program into production
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  1. Understanding theProblem • Problems are often described in natural language like English. • Users may not be able to specify needs well, and the needs may changing frequently • Identify the requirements 1. Inputs or given data-items 2. Required output(s) or desired results 3. Indirect inputs (may not be given directly, you have to calculate or assume)
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  1. Understanding theProblem – Example: Calculate the area of a circle having the radius of 3 cm • Inputs: – Radius=3 • Output: – Area • Indirect Inputs: – Pi=3.14 – Area = 3.14 * (3*3) = 28.27
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  2. Plan theLogic • Identify/Outline small steps in sequence, to achieve the goal (or desired results) • Tools such as flowcharts and pseudocode can be used: 1. Flowchart: a pictorial representation of the logic steps 2. Pseudocode: English-like representation of the logic • Walk through the logic before coding
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  3. Code theProgram • Code the program: –Select the programming language –Write the program instructions in the selected programming language –Use the compiler software to translate the program into machine understandable code or executable file –Syntax errors (Error in program instructions) are identified by the compiler during compilation and can be corrected.
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  4. Test theProgram • Testing the program –Execute it with sample data and check the results –Identify logic errors if any (undesired results or output) and correct them –Choose test data carefully to exercise all branches of the logic (Important)
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  5. Deploy theProgram • Putting the program into production –Do this after testing is complete and all known errors have been corrected
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  Introduction to Pseudocode •One of the popular representation based on natural language • Widely used –Easy to read and write –Allow the programmer to concentrate on the logic of the problem • Structured in English language (Syntax/grammar)
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  What is Pseudocode(continued...) • English like statements • Each instruction is written on a separate line • Keywords and indentation are used to signify particular control structures. • Written from top to bottom, with only one entry and one exit • Groups of statements may be formed into modules
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  Some Basic Constructs •Print  Output is to be sent to the Printer • Write  Output is to be written to a file • Display  Output is to be written to the screen • Prompt  required before an input instruction Get, causes the message to be sent to the screen • Compute /Calculate  Calculation performed by computer • Calculation operations: +, -, *, /, ()
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  Some Basic Constructs •Set  Used to set inital value, E.g., Set Marks to 0 • =  Place values from right hand-side item to left hand side E.g., Marks = 67 • Save  Save the variable in file or disk E.g., Save Marks
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  Comparison/Selection IF student_Marks areabove 50 THEN Result = “Pass“ ELSE Result = “Fail“ ENDIF  • Making decision by comparing values • • Keywords used: •IF, THEN, ELSE IF student_Marks are above 50 THEN Result = “Pass“ ELSE Result = “Fail“ ENDIF
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  Comparison/Selection CASE of <condition-variable> Case<valueA> Do Step1 Case <valueB> Do Step2 Case <valueC> Do Step3 ENDCASE • Case Strtucture  Multiple banching based on value of condition • Three keywords used: • CASE of, Case, ENDCASE
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  Comparison/Selection • Case Strtucture Example...
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  Repeat a groupof Statements DOWHILE student_total < 50 Read student record Print student name Add 1 to student_total ENDDO • Repeating set of instruction base on some condition • Keyword used: •DOWHILE, ENDDO
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  Example Pseudocode Program •A program is required to read three numbers, add them together and print their total. Inputc Processing Output Number1 Number2 Number3 total
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  Solution Algorithm Add_three_numbers Set totalto 0 Read number1 Read number2 Read number3 Total = number1 + number2 + number3 Print total END
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  Repeat Until (Loop) •Repeat-Until statement (loop) REPEAT Do StepA Do StepB UNTIL conditionN is True - What is the Difference between (While & Repeat) ? Example:…
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  Flowcharts • “A graphicrepresentation of a sequence of operations to represent a computer program” • Flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine.
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  A Flowchart • AFlowchart – Shows logic of an algorithm or problem – Shows individual steps and their interconnections – E.g., control flow from one action to the next
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  Name Symbol Description OvalBeginning or End of the Program Parallelogram Input / Output Operations Rectangle Processing for example, Addition, Multiplication, Division, etc. Diamond Denotes a Decision (or branching) for example IF-Then-Else Arrow Denotes the Direction of logic flow Flowchart Symbols
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  Example 1 Step 1:Input M1,M2,M3,M4 Step 2: GRADE = (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Step 3: if (GRADE < 50) then Print “FAIL” else Print “PASS” endif START Input M1,M2,M3,M4 GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 IS GRADE<50 STOP YN Print “FAIL” Print “PASS”
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  Example 2 • Writean algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length in feet to centimeter.
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  Example 2 Algorithm • Step1: Read Lft • Step 2: Lcm = Lft x 30 • Step 3: Print Lcm Flowchart START Read Lft Lcm = Lft x 30 STOP Print LCM
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  Example 3 • Writean algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its area.
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  Example 3 Algorithm • Step1: Read W,L • Step 2: A = L x W • Step 3: Print A START Read W, L A  L x W STOP Print A
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  DECISION STRUCTURES • Theexpression A>B is a logical expression • It describes a condition we want to test • if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take the action on left • Print the value of A • if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take the action on right • Print the value of B
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  IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE • Thealgorithm for the flowchart is as follows: If A>B then print A Else print B endif is A>B Y N Print A Print B
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  • Multiple branchingbased on a single condition CASE STRUCTURE CASE Condition Do Step A Do Step B Do Step C Do Step D
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  Relational / LogicalOperators Relational Operators Operator Description > Greater than < Less than = Equal to  Greater than or equal to  Less than or equal to  Not equal to
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  Example 4 • Writean algorithm that reads two values, finds largest value and then prints the largest value. ALGORITHM Step 1: Read VALUE1, VALUE2 Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then MAX  VALUE1 else MAX  VALUE2 endif Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX -- DRAW the Flow Chart for the Program
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  Selection Structure • ASelection structure can be based on 1. Dual-Alternative (two code paths) 2. Single Alternative (one code path) is A>B Y N Print A Print B Dual Alternative Example 
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  Selection Structure • SingleAlternative Example Pseudocode: IF GPA is greater than 2.0 Then Print “Promoted ” End IF GPA > 2.0 N Y Print “Promoted”
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  Loop Structure • Repetition(WHILE structure) – Repeats a set of actions based on the answer to a question/condition pseudocode: DoWHILE <Some-True-Condition> Do Something ENDDO
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  Loop Structure • REPEAT-UNTILstructure – Repeats a set of actions until a condition remains True – pseudocode: REPEAT Do-Something UNTIL <Some True Condition>