THE MEDIUMS AND
TECHNIQUESOF
ART
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
DIFFERENTIATE AN ARTIST WITH ARTISAN
IDENTIFY THE MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES USED BY THE ARTIST
EXPLAIN AND CITE EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE ART
DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT PRINCIPLES OF ART
2.
Lesson 1 TheArtist and the Artisan
An artist is considered a person with the talent and the skills to
conceptualize and make creative works.
Artists are individuals who have the desire and ability to envision,
design and fabricate the images, objects, and structures we
encounter, use, occupy, and enjoy every day of our lives.
An artist is dedicated only to the creative side, making visually
pleasing work only for the enjoyment and appreciation of the
viewer, with no functional value.
3.
The artisanis a manual worker who makes items with his or her
hands, and who through skill, experience, and talent can create
things of great beauty as well as being functional.
An artisan or craftsperson is a skilled worker, but not the inventor of
the original idea or form.
An artisan or craftsperson can also be someone who creates his
own design fashion jewelry, forge iron, or blow glass into patterns
and objects of his own devising.
Mediums and Techniquesof an
Artist
A medium is the material used by an artist to express his/her feelings
or thoughts.
The matter of selecting the medium depends entirely on the artist
himself.
He selects the material that can be handled with ease, that would
suit his plan and bring out the qualities he wants to show.
The artist must love, respect and understand his medium to make it
easier for him to expand his knowledge and improve his skill in his
chosen area.
The artist thinks, feels, and gives shape to his vision in terms of his
medium.
8.
Medium of arts
Visual arts
Auditory arts
Combination of visual and auditory (Combined arts)
9.
Visual arts
Visualarts are those whose mediums can be seen and which
occupy space. These are grouped into :
1. The dimensional or two-dimensional arts which include painting,
drawing, printmaking, and photography
2. The three-dimensional arts which include sculpture, architecture,
landscape, community planning, industrial design, crafts like
ceramics and furniture
10.
Techniques related topainting
Technique is the manner in which the artist controls his medium to
achieve the desired effect and the ability which he fulfills the technical
requirements of his particular work of art.
1. Encaustic – the medium for the powdered color is hot wax which is
painted into the wood surface with a brush. It is smoothed with a
metal instrument resembling a spoon, and then blended and set
over a flame to soften and set the colors into the wood. This
method produces durable colors and permits sculptural modeling
of the paint surface. Because of the wax medium, the colors are
semi-translucent and look fresh and lively. This technique is rarely
used today.
Fresco Secco– this is also called dry plaster, in this technique,
pigments are usually mixed with water, although other substances
might also be used. The paint is applied to a dry plaster wall which
has been wetted down with water. Since the plaster is relatively dry,
it is non-absorbent, and the pigment adheres to the surface of the
plaster. The colors tend to flake off the surface of the plaster. The
colors have a harder and more brilliant appearance and tend to be
lighter in value than those in true fresco. Advantages of the
technique are that the painting can be done more slowly and
carefully, and changes can be made simply by over-painting, since
colors are opaque. Ex. Egyptian mural
Egg Tempera
Inthis method the pigment is mixed with egg yolk or both the yolk and
white of an egg. It is thinned with water and applied to a gesso ground
(plaster mixed with blinding)on a panel. it was also used on parchment or
paper to illustrate or embellish books in the era before the 15th-century
development of the printing press. This type of paint dries very quickly and
produces an opaque, matte surface. The colors tend to dry to a lighter
value than they appear when wet. The colors produced are bright and
saturated. Modeling is achieved by hatching. Egg tempera was used for
panel painting until the 15th
century. Examples of artists who worked in egg
tempera include Cimabue (14th
Century); Duccio (14th
Century); Andrew
Wyeth (20th
Century). Islamic and Medieval miniature paintings in books
and manuscripts are another important class of egg tempera paintings;
the Celtic Book of Kells is a well-known early example, as is the Book of
Hours commissioned by the Duc du Berry in the 14th
century.
Mosaic
The designis created by small pieces of colored glass, stone, or
ceramic(called Tesserae), embedded in the wet mortar which has
been spread over the surface to be decorated. Their slightly
irregular placement on a surface creates a very lively, reflective
surface when viewed at a distance. This was often used to
decorate walls, floors, and ceilings.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
17.
Oil Paint
Priorto the 15th century oil paints were thick and hard to control, so
they were initially used only for utilitarian purpose. In the 15th
century
turpentine was discovered to be an effective thinning agent. The
Van Eyck brothers were credited with perfecting the technique of
oil painting, which they initially attempted to keep secret.
Water Color
Powderedpigments are mixed with gum-Arabic or a similar
substance that will help them adhere to a surface. The artist then
mixes them with water and applies them to a ground, usually paper,
with a soft brush. The final effect is that of translucent washes of a
color. This method was the most important method of painting in
China and Japan from an early date, but did not become popular
with European artist until after the 16th
century; John Marin, 20th
century. Below is an example of watercolor painting
Acrylic
Acrylic areartificial compounds developed in the twentieth
century. The binder used includes water, and the paints can be
thinned with water, but once the paints dry, they have a glossy,
permanent surface that resembles the surface created by oils.
These paints can create most of the effects accomplished in oils,
and have the advantage of not requiring the use of turpentine,
which is toxic. The major disadvantage ot acrylics is that unless a
retarding agent is mixed into the paint, it will dry much more quickly.
Since many artist prefer to be able to re-worked the colors, many
prefer oils to acrylics. However, many modern artist do choose
acrylics.
Collage
The word‘’collage’’ comes from the French verb ‘’coller,’’ meaning
‘’to paste.’’ In this technique photographs, news clippings or other
objects are pasted on the painting surface and many be combined
with painted areas. The cuttings and objects may be selected for
their associative or representational values, or for the formal and
textural qualities of the result. This technique was first accepted as a
legitimate medium that could augment or be substitute for painting
in fine arts in this century. One of the first examples was executed by
Pablo Picasso.
Drawings
The materialsand methods of drawing are the most basic tools of
the artist and the designer. Drawings is usually done on paper using
pencil, pen and ink, or charcoal. It is the most fundamental of all
skills necessary in arts. Drawing has always been considered as a
very good training for artists because it makes one concentrate on
the use in line. Shading can also be used to make drawings more
life-like and realistic. Some of the world’s best-known drawings are
by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). He drew
everything form animals and birds to ideas for flying machines.
Pastel
Pastel isa stick of dried paste made of pigments ground with chalk
and compounded with gum water. It is a very flexible medium
whose color are luminous. In spite of the richness and varied effects
it yields, pastel are less popular than the other mediums because it is
difficuilt to preserve the finished product in its original state. Some
artists use Fixing medium or a protecting surface such as glass, but
when the chalk rubs off, the image loses some of its brilliance.
Tapestry
Tapestry isa fabric produced by hand-weaving colored threads
upon a wrap. The woven designs often end up as pictorials, wall
hangings, and furniture covering. During the Middle Ages, they were
hung on the walls of palaces and in cathedrals on festive occasions
to provide warmth.
GAMABA (Gawad saManlilikha ng
Bayan Awards)
Award that acknowledges folk and indigenous artists who, despite the
modern times, remain true to their traditions.
It is administered by the (NCCA) National Commission for Culture and
Arts
GAMABA began as a project of the Philippine Rotary Club Makati-
Ayala.
In 1992, it was adopted by the government and institutionalized
through Republic Act No. 7335.
This award aims to support and motivate these artists to preserve their
artistic heritage for the present and future generations.
These artists are also recognized as the country’s National Living
Treasures.
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GAMABA
As agroup, these folk and traditional artists reflect the diverse
heritage and cultural traditions that transcend their beginnings to
become part of our national character.
They bring age-old customs, crafts and ways of living to the
attention and appreciation of Filipino life.
They provide us with a vision of ourselves and of our nation, a vision
we might be able to realize someday, once we are given the
opportunity to be true to ourselves as these artists have remained
truthful to their art.
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GAMABA awardees andtheir work
of art:
1. Darhata Sawabi – a Tausug weaver of Pis Syabit, the traditional
cloth tapestry worn as a head cover.
34.
2. Eduardo Mutuc– an artist from Apalit, Pampanga who dedicated
his life to creating religious and secular art in silver, bronze, and wood.
3. Haja Amina Appi – recognized as master mat weaver among the
Sama indigenous community for her unique designs, straightness of her
edging (tabig) and fineness of her sasa and kima-kima.
4. Alonzo Saklag – a Kalinga master of dance and the performing arts
who mastered not only the Kalinga musical instruments but also his
dance patterns and movements associated with her people’s ritual.
5. Federico Caballero– a Sulod Bukidnon epic chanter from Kalinog,
Iloilo who works for the documentation of the oral literature;
particularly the epics of his people.
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6. Uwang Ahadas– a Yakan musician who is a master of the
kwintangan, kaya, and tuntungan instruments.
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7. Lang Dulay– a T’boli traditional weaver of T’nalak or T’boli cloth
made of colorful abaca fabrics
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8. Salinta Monon– a Tagbanua Bagobo traditional weaver of distinct
abaca fabrics called inabal
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9. Ginaw Bilog– is a Hanunuo Mangyan poet who is considered as a
master of ambahan poetry.
41.
10. Masino Intaray– a prolific and pre-eminent epic chanter and story-
teller recognized for his outstanding mastery of various traditional
musical instruments of the Palawan people such as basal, kulilal, and
bagil.
42.
Performance Art
Performanceart is an interdisciplinary art form that brings together
elements of time, space, bodies, and audiences. The performance
can be live or via media; the performer can be present or absent. It
can be any situation that involves four basic elements: time, space,
the performer’s body, or presence in a medium, and a relationship
between performer and audience, Performance art can happen
anywhere, in any type of venue or setting and for any length of time
(Carlson, 1996).
The performing arts refer to the forms of art where an artist uses his
own face, body and presence. The major types of performing arts
include music, opera, dance, drama, and spoken words.
Music
Is aform of art whose medium is silence and sound. The word
‘’music’’ was derived from the Greek word ‘’mousike’’ which
means the art of the muses. The common elements of music include
rhythm, pitch, dynamics, timbre and texture. The performance,
creation, significance and definition of this art depend on the social
context and culture. Music can range from organized composition
up to improvisational music to aleatoric forms
Music can be assorted into different genres or subgenres, although
the divisions of these genres are usually vague and subtle. It is also
said that there is a very strong connection between mathematics
and music. To a lot of people who belong to various cultures, music
plays an important part in their lives. Music is usually associated with
the way of life of different kinds of people across the land.
45.
Opera
Is aform of performing arts wherein musicians and singers perform a
dramatic work that combines text, which is called the libretto and
musical score. This form of art is a popular part of the Western
classical music traditional. The art incorporates a lot of elements of
spoken theatre, including scenery, acting and costumes. Sometimes
it also includes dance. The performance in a Opera is usually done
in an opera house. It is also accompanied by either a musical
ensemble or an orchestra. Opera originated in Itally in the 16th
century and it soon spread to the rest of Europe as it gained
popularity. Various musicians in Europe developed a lot of ways in
flourishing this form of art and made It even more popular.
Dance
Is aform of performing arts that refers to the art of moving the body
rhythmically and usually in accordance to music. It is used as form
of social interaction and expression, or it is commonly presented in a
performance or spiritual setting. It s also seen as a form of nonverbal
communication, a type of communication where words are not
used. Definitions of what dance is really about usually varies in each
culture, society or person.
Drama
Refers toa mode of fiction represented in a performance. The word
‘’drama’’ originated from the Greek word ‘’drao’’ which means
action. Dramas are usually enacted by actors on a stage for an
audience. The structure of the text for dramas is usually influenced
by collective reception and collaborative production. Masterpieces
that can be considered to be in this form include the classical
Athenian tragedy, ‘’Oedipus the King’’ of Sophocles and ‘’Hamlet’’
of William Shakespeare.
