ADVANCED PROGRAMMING TECHNOLOGIES NOWADAYS - Copy.pptx

ADVANCED PROGRAMMING
TECHNOLOGIES NOWADAYS

What is a programming language?
A programming language is a way for programmers (developers) to
communicate with computers. Programming languages consist of a
set of rules that allows string values to be converted into various ways
of generating machine code.
Generally speaking, a program is a set of instructions written in a
particular language (C, C++, Java, Python) to achieve a particular task.

Below is a list of the most popular and best programming languages
that will be in demand in 2023.
1. Javascript
2. Python
3. Go
4. Java
5. Kotlin
6. PHP
7. C#
8. Swift
9. R
10. Ruby
11. C and C++
12. Matlab
13. TypeScript
14. Scala
15. SQL
16. HTML
17. CSS
18. NoSQL
19. Rust
20. Perl

1. Javascript
JavaScript is a high-level programming language that is one of the
core technologies of the World Wide Web. It is used as a client-side
programming language by 97.8 percent of all websites. JavaScript was
originally used only to develop web browsers, but they are now used
for server-side website deployments and non-web browser
applications as well.
Javascript was created in 1995 and was initially known as LiveScript.
However, Java was a very popular language at that time, so it was
advertised as a “younger brother” of Java. As it evolved over time,
JavaScript became a fully independent language. Nowadays,
JavaScript is often confused with Java, and although there are some
similarities between them, the two languages are distinct.

Level: Beginner to Intermediate
Skills Needed: HTML and CSS to define the content and layout of web pages
Platform: Cross-platform (desktop, mobile, web)
Popularity Among Programmers: The most popular programming language in the world
Benefits:
•Easy to learn and implement
•Used everywhere on the web
•Can run immediately within the client-side browser
•Reduces the demand on the website server
Degree of Use: Widely used; highly applicable

2. Python
Python is one of the most popular programming languages today and
is easy for beginners to learn because of its readability. It is a free,
open-source programming language with extensive support modules
and community development, easy integration with web services,
user-friendly data structures, and GUI-based desktop applications. It
is a popular programming language for machine learning and deep
learning applications.
Python is used to develop 2D imaging and 3D animation packages like
Blender, Inkscape, and Autodesk. It has also been used to create
popular video games, including Civilization IV, Vegas Trike, and
Toontown. Python is used for scientific and computational
applications like FreeCAD and Abacus and by popular websites like
YouTube, Quora, Pinterest, and Instagram

Level: Beginner – Python enables a beginner to become productive quickly
Skills Needed: Problem-solving, abstract thinking
Platform: Web, Desktop
Popularity Among Programmers: Becoming continuously more popular
Benefits:
•Flexible
•Naturally/Intuitively readable
•Highly regarded official tutorials and documentation
•Scripted as opposed to compiled
Degree of Use:
Coding skills widely used; popular in both technical education and business
use

3. Go
Go was developed by Google in 2007 for APIs and web applications.
Go has recently become one of the fastest-growing programming
languages due to its simplicity, as well as its ability to handle
multicore and networked systems and massive codebases.
Go, also known as Golang, was created to meet the needs of
programmers working on large projects. It has gained popularity
among many large IT companies thanks to its simple and modern
structure and syntax familiarity. Companies using Go as their
programming language include Google, Uber, Twitch, Dropbox, among
many others. Go is also gaining in popularity among data scientists
because of its agility and performance.

Level: Beginner to intermediate
Skills Needed:
Easy to learn if you already know at least one other programming language;
otherwise, you just need patience and a willingness to learn.
Platform: Cross-platform, mainly desktop
Popularity Among Programmers: Not as popular as Java or Python, but it has been increasing in popularity
Benefits:
•Widely considered a “minimalist” language
•Easy to learn
•Transparent code
•Compatible
•Fast
Degree of Use: Widely used, particular for Google applications (created at Google)

4. Java
Java is one of the most popular programming languages used today.
Owned by Oracle Corporation, this general-purpose programming language with
its object-oriented structure has become a standard for applications that can be
used regardless of platform (e.g., Mac, Windows, Android, iOS, etc.) because of
its Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) capabilities. As a result, Java is recognized
for its portability across platforms, from mainframe data centers to smartphones.
Today there are more than 3 billion devices running applications built with Java.
Java is widely used in web and application development as well as big data. Java is
also used on the backend of several popular websites, including Google, Amazon,
Twitter, and YouTube. It is also extensively used in hundreds of applications. New
Java frameworks like Spring, Struts, and Hibernate are also very popular. With
millions of Java developers worldwide, there are hundreds of ways to learn Java.
Also, Java programmers have an extensive online community and support each
other to solve problems.

Level: Intermediate
Skills Needed: Problem-solving, knowledge of the object-oriented structure.
Platform: Web, Mobile, Desktop
Popularity Among Programmers: One of the world’s most popular; high demand
Benefits:
•Regarded as a good start for learning to think like a programmer and gain
coding skills
•You’ll be able to access/manipulate the most important computer functions,
like the file system, graphics, and sound for any fairly sophisticated and
modern program that can run on any operating system.

5. Kotlin
Kotlin is a general-purpose programming language originally
developed and unveiled as Project Kotlin by JetBrains in 2011. The
first version was officially released in 2016. It is interoperable with
Java and supports functional programming languages.
Kotlin is used extensively for Android apps, web application, desktop
application, and server-side application development. Kotlin was built
to be better than Java, and people who use this language are
convinced. Most of the Google applications are based on Kotlin. Some
companies using Kotlin as their programming language include
Coursera, Pinterest, PostMates among many others.

Level: Intermediate to advanced
Skills Needed: Prior experience with programming languages, particularly Java
Platform: Web, Mobile, Desktop, Server
Popularity Among Programmers: Increasingly popular; used for Android applications
Benefits:
•Less code-heavy than Java and other languages;
•Relatively easy to adopt
•Fully compatible with Java

6. PHP
PHP is an open-source programming language created in 1990. Many
web developers find it essential to learn PHP, as this language is used
to build more than 80% of websites on the Internet, including notable
sites like Facebook and Yahoo.
Programmers mainly use PHP mainly to write server-side scripts. But
developers can also use this language to write command-line scripts,
and programmers with high-level PHP coding skills can also use it to
develop desktop applications.
PHP is considered a relatively easy language to learn for beginning
developers. PHP professionals have access to several dedicated online
communities, making it easy to get support and answers to questions.

Skills Needed:
Simple if you have a background in programming languages, but relatively easy
to learn for newcomers
Platform: Cross-platform (desktop, mobile, web)
Popularity Among Programmers:
Used by nearly 80% of all active websites, so it’s very popular with web
developers
Benefits:
•Open-source
•Easy to develop and may be integrated with many different tools
•Cost effective
•Flexible with database connectivity
Degree of Use: While it’s used by the vast majority of websites, its use is declining

7. C#
Developed by Microsoft, C# rose to fame in the 2000s for supporting
the concepts of object-oriented programming. It is one of the most
used programming languages for the .NET framework. Anders
Hejlsberg, the creator of C#, says the language is more like C++ than
Java.
C# is best suited for applications on Windows, Android, and iOS, as it
takes the help of the integrated development environment product,
Microsoft Visual C++. C# is used on the back end of several popular
websites like Bing, Dell, Visual Studio, and MarketWatch.

Level: Intermediate
Skills Needed: A basic understanding of how to write code
Platform: Cross-platform, including mobile and enterprise software applications
Popularity Among Programmers: Relatively popular, but not as popular as Java (its closest rival)
Benefits:
•Fast
•Simple to use
•Object-oriented
•Scalable and updateable
•Interoperable with other codes
•Open source
•Extensive library
Degree of Use:
Used by roughly one-third of all software developers, particularly relevant for
Microsoft developers

8. Swift
A few years ago, Swift made the top 10 in the monthly TIOBE Index
ranking of popular programming languages. Apple developed Swift in
2014 for Linux and Mac applications.
An open-source programming language that is easy to learn, Swift
supports almost everything from the programming language
Objective-C. Swift requires fewer coding skills compared with other
programming languages, and it can be used with IBM Swift Sandbox
and IBM Bluemix. Swift is used in popular iOS apps like WordPress,
Mozilla Firefox, SoundCloud, and even in the game Flappy Bird.

Skills Needed:
Willingness to spend time reading tutorials (which are widely available); no
prior experience with programming languages required
Platform: Mobile (Apple iOS apps, specifically)
Popularity Among Programmers: Gaining in popularity, especially among Apple iOS application developers
Benefits:
•Relatively easy to learn
•Clean syntax
•Less code
•Faster than comparable programming languages
•Open source
Degree of Use:
Used extensively for creating iOS apps used on the iPhone, iPad, and Apple
Watch

9. R
R is an open-source language that is essentially a different version of
the S language. Much of the code that developers write for S runs on
R without modification.
Applications built in R are used for processing statistics, including
linear and nonlinear modeling, calculation, testing, visualization, and
analysis. Applications coded using R can interface with a number of
databases and process both structured and unstructured data.
R has a moderate learning curve and is not as easy for beginners to
pick up as some other languages in this article. However, like other
open-source programming languages, R boasts an active online
community of developers, which is always a plus when learning new
coding skills.

Level: Intermediate
Skills Needed:
Easier if you already know Javascript or Python, but it’s recommended for
people with a firm grasp of mathematics
Platform: Mainly desktop
Not nearly as popular as it once was, mainly due to rival language Python’s
soaring popularity
Benefits:
•Open source
•Great support for managing data
•Wide variety of packages available
•Cross-functional with Linux, Windows, and Mac OS
•Ideal for machine learning applications
Degree of Use: Widely used for analytics

10. Ruby
If you want to start with a language that is known for being relatively
simple to learn, consider Ruby. Developed in the 1990s, it was
designed to have a more human-friendly syntax while still being
flexible from the standpoint of its object-oriented architecture that
supports procedural and functional programming notation. A web-
application framework that is implemented in Ruby is Ruby on Rails
(“RoR”). Ruby developers tout it for being an easy language to write in
and also for the relatively short learning time required. These
attributes have led to a large community of Ruby developers and a
growing interest in the language among beginning developers.

Level:
Beginner – Ruby and Ruby on Rails have evolved to become extremely popular
for web developers.
Skills Needed:
Problem-solving, abstract thinking (ability to visualize what application users
want to see)
Platform: Web
Popularity Among Programmers: On the rise
Benefits:
•Flexible
•The syntax is considered easy to read and to write (no specialized
“vocabulary” to get started)
•Enforces good programming style
Degree of Use: Least broadly used

11. C and C++
C is probably the oldest and popular programming language and is the
root of other programming languages such as C#, Java, and JavaScript.
C++ is an enhanced version of C. Many developers today skip learning
C on its own, while others think learning C first provides a valuable
foundation for C++ development. Both languages are widely used in
computer science and programming.
C and C++ developers can make use of compilers for a wide variety of
platforms, making applications developed in these languages largely
transportable. Both C and C++ are considered high-performance
languages. As such, they are widely used in developing applications
where performance is a critical issue, such as client/server
applications, commercial products like Firefox and Adobe, and video
games.

Level:
C – Intermediate to Advanced
C++ – Beginner to Intermediate
Skills Needed:
Problem-solving, basic computer knowledge. As C and C++ are geared toward
low-level management of computer resources, knowledge of computer
functions such as memory management is beneficial.
Platform: Mobile, Desktop, Embedded
C – There has been a higher migration from C to C++
C++ – One of the world’s most popular languages
Benefits:
•C – Used to learn the fundamentals of programming at the lowest (hardware)
level
•C++ – allows for a much higher “control” than other languages
Degree of Use:
C – One of the most widely used
C++ – Widely used

12. Matlab
Matlab is a proprietary programming language owned by MathWorks
and originally released in the mid-1980s. It is built specifically for use
by scientists and engineers.
Programmers use Matlab to build machine learning and deep learning
applications. Matlab-based programs enable users to analyze data,
create algorithms, process images, and verify research.
Generally, Matlab is easier to learn than other programming
languages on our list. MathWorks’ website has an extensive section
dedicated to answering questions about Matlab.

Level: Beginner
Skills Needed: Basic knowledge of programming is recommended, but not required
Platform: Mostly desktop
Not as popular as Python (its closest rival), but its popularity is increasing for
hardware engineering and running visualizations
Benefits:
•Can be used to easily run and test algorithms
•Easily debugged
•Enables extensive data analysis and visualizations
•Relatively simple to learn
Degree of Use: Not used extensively, outside of the science and research domains

13. TypeScript
TypeScript is a newcomer to top programming language lists, but it’s
making headway. It was developed in 2012 by Microsoft and is a
typed version of JavaScript that is well suited for large code bases.
TypeScript is used to create JavaScript-based projects with typing in
both client-side and server-side development, making useful for
catching errors and preventing systemic issues.

Level: Intermediate to Advanced
Skills Needed: Basic knowledge of JavaScript required
Platform: Web
Rapidly gaining popularity among programmers, especially for large-scale
programs.
Benefits:
•Great for large-scale projects
•It has the fastest growing GitHub community
•Makes JavaScript development more efficient
Degree of Use: Gaining heavy traction among web developers

14. Scala
Scala is a general-purpose, type-safe Java virtual machine language
that combines the best oop and functional programming languages
into one special high language. Scala is ideal for reducing and
removing bugs in large, complex applications. It supports both object-
oriented and functional programming.
Programmers can use Scala for any task that they normally would use
Java for. Scala is a complex language, but that complexity gives it a lot
of flexibility. Companies that use Scala include Netflix, Twitter, and the
New York Times.

Level: Complex
Skills Needed: Basic knowledge of Java, C, C++, or Python recommended, but not required
Platform: Cross-platform
Scala’s popularity has taken several hits, probably due to its complexity. It
enjoys a good reputation in the fields of big data and machine learning.
Benefits:
•Faster than Python
•Ideal for data analytics
•Highly functional
Degree of Use:
Extensive use in many companies’ data engineering infrastructure, especially
data processing, web development, and distributed computing.

15. SQL
SQL is a standard database query language. It is used to access and
manipulate data in databases. SQL is a declarative language that
specifies the desired results, but not the steps to achieve those
results. SQL is a powerful tool for accessing and manipulating data,
and it is the world's most widely used database query language.

Benefits of SQL Cons of SQL
• SQL is a standard database query language that
enables users to manipulate and query data in a
database quickly.
• SQL is widely used in many applications and
environments, such as web applications, data
warehouses, and e-commerce applications.
• SQL provides many benefits over other database
query languages, such as improved performance,
better data integrity, and more accessible data
manipulation.
• If you are unfamiliar with programming or database
concepts, SQL can be challenging to learn.
• SQL can be slow compared to other languages, mainly
when working with large databases.
• And SQL is not well suited for certain types of tasks,
such as complex mathematical calculations or machine
learning.

16. HTML
HTML(HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for
creating web pages and applications. HTML is used to create web
pages. You can use HTML to add images, links, and other types of
content to your web page. HTML is a simple programming language;
you don't need to know much about it to create a basic web page.
Images and other objects, such as interactive forms, can be
embedded within the produced page using HTML structures. It
enables the creation of structured documents by indicating structural
semantics for text elements including as headings, paragraphs, lists,
links, quotations, and other objects. HTML elements are delineated
by tags, which are written in angle brackets.

Benefits of HTML Cons of HTML
• Benefits of using HTML include creating well-
structured, standards-compliant web pages that
are easy to maintain and update.
• HTML is also easy to learn and is a great starting
point for those new to web development.
• HTML is used to structure and present content on
the web and is typically used alongside CSS and
JavaScript.
• Additionally, HTML5 provides better multimedia
and interactive content support, making it a
powerful tool for creating engaging web
experiences.
• HTML5 is the latest version and includes new
features like video and audio elements, local
storage, and 2D/3D graphics. HTML5 is designed
to be more user-friendly and efficient than
previous versions of HTML.
• First, because HTML is a markup language, it is not as
expressive as a programming language like JavaScript
or PHP, which means that complex web applications or
pages can be more challenging to develop in HTML.
• Additionally, HTML is not a very secure language, so
web developers must carefully encode any user input
to prevent security vulnerabilities properly.
• Finally, HTML can be somewhat challenging to learn for
newcomers, as it has a lot of different elements and
syntax rules

17. CSS
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language used to describe
how a page that was produced in a markup language is presented. A
style sheet, which is a set of rules for web browsers, can control an
HTML or XML.
All HTML tags, including the text in the document's body, headings,
paragraphs, and other text elements, are styled using CSS. The display
of grid components, table elements, and picture.

Benefits of CSS Cons of CSS
• CSS is used to style all HTML tags, including the
body of the document, headings, paragraphs, and
other material. CSS can also be used to style how
table components, grid elements, and images are
displayed.
• Web developers use CSS to create responsive and
accessible websites. CSS can make it easier for
web developers to create websites that look good
on all devices, including mobile phones and
tablets.
• CSS can also help make websites more accessible
to people with disabilities.
• CSS is easy to learn and use. Many tutorials and
resources are available online, and anyone can
start using CSS to style their web pages.
• CSS can be challenging to debug. When there are
errors in a CSS file, it can be difficult to track down the
source of the problem.
• And it can be time-consuming to write. CSS files can be
large and complex, and it can take a lot of time to
create and maintain them.

18. NoSQL
NoSQL databases are non-relational databases designed to provide
high performance and scalability. And NoSQL databases are often
used in big data applications, where data is distributed across many
nodes.
The four key categories of NoSQL databases are as follows:
• key-value stores,
• columnar stores,
• document stores,
• and graph databases.

Benefits of NoSQL Cons of NoSQL
• NoSQL is a database system that does not use the
traditional relational model.
• NoSQL databases are often used for big data
applications that need to scale quickly.
• NoSQL databases can be faster and more scalable
than relational databases.
• NoSQL databases are generally less mature than SQL
databases and, as such, may lack some of the features
and functionality that SQL databases offer.
• Additionally, because NoSQL databases are less
standardized than SQL databases, it can be more
challenging to find skilled personnel who can work
with them.
• And NoSQL databases may be less compatible with
existing applications and infrastructure than SQL
databases.

19. Rust
Rust is a programming language designed to be safe, concurrent, and
practical. It is a systems programming language that runs blazingly
fast, prevents segfaults, and guarantees thread safety. Rust is also
memory-efficient: it uses minimal memory, making it ideal for
embedded systems.

Benefits of Rust Cons of Rust
• Rust is a fast and efficient language used to create
high-performance applications.
• Rust is also a safe and reliable language, which
makes it perfect for developing mission-critical
software.
• Additionally, Rust is easy to learn and use and has
a great community of developers who are always
willing to help.
• There needs to be more support or documentation
available for other languages because it is a new
language, making it difficult to learn and use Rust.
• Additionally, Rust only supports some platforms, and it
can be challenging to integrate with existing
codebases.

20. Perl
Perl is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming
language. Although Perl is not officially an acronym, various
backronyms exist, including "Practical Extraction and Report
Language." Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a
general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing
easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions.
Perl is widely regarded as the " Swiss Army knife" of programming
languages because of its versatility and power. It is used for various
tasks, including web development, network programming, system
administration, and more.

Benefits of Perl Cons of Rust
• Perl is a powerful programming language with
many features and applications. It is widely used
in system administration, web development,
network programming, and many other fields.
• Perl is easy to learn, and its concise syntax makes
it an excellent choice for beginners. It is also very
versatile, allowing you to write programs in
various styles.
• Perl has excellent support for many databases,
making it a good choice for database-driven
applications. It also has excellent support for
graphics and multimedia, making it a good choice
for media-rich applications.
• First of all, it is more challenging to learn than some
other languages like Python, and it has a very steep
learning curve and can confuse beginners.
• Additionally, Perl is not as widely used as other
languages, so there is not as much support available.
• Finally, it can be pretty slow compared to some other
languages.

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