DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
DATA VS. INFORMATION
Sn Data Information
o
1 Data is fact and Processed Data to reveal
figures meaning
2 It is atomic level It is collection of data
pieces of
information
3 It does not helps in It helps in making
making decision decision
4 It is generally in It is in organized form
unorganized form
5 It is not dependent It is dependent
7 Example: 89,95, 90 Example: 89,95, 90 are
are numbers marks of 3 subjects
DEFINITION
Database
• Database is defined as the collection of logically related data,
description of data, designed to meet the needs of an
organization
Database Management System (DBMS)
• DBMS is a software that enables user to define, create,
access, maintain and control access to the database.
• Goal: To provide a way to store and retrieve database
information that is both convenient and efficient
DB + DBMS Software= Database System
Database System
• It is an integrated collection of related files along with the
detail about their definition, interpretation, manipulation and
maintenance
3
S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS
PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEM
[Link] redundancy and inconsistency
[Link] in accessing data
3. Data isolation
4. Integrity problems
5. Atomicity problems
6. Concurrent access anomalies
[Link] problems
PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
1. DATA REDUNDANCY AND INCONSISTENCY
• Same information may be duplicated in several
places. All copies may not be updated properly.
• Data inconsistency is when the same data
exists in different and conflicting formats or
versions across multiple sources, causing
inaccurate, unreliable, and confusing
information.
PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
2. DIFFICULTY IN ACCESSING DATA
• Example : find out names of all customers who live
within the city’s pin code 641 041
• There is no application program to meet this
requirement.
• Existing application program generates list of all
customers
[Link] ISOLATION
• Data are scattered in various files and files may
be in different formats – difficult to write a new
application programs to retrieve the appropriate
data
PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
[Link] PROBLEMS
• Data values stored in the database must satisfy certain
types of consistency constraints.
• Example: balance of a bank account may never fall below
a prescribed amount.
• These constraints are enforced in the application programs
by the developers.
• When new constraints are added, it is difficult to change
the existing one.
• The problem is compounded when constraints involve
several data items from different files.
PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
5. ATOMICITY PROBLEMS
• Once a failure occurs in the system, the data must be
restored to the consistent state that existed prior to
the failure.
• Example: a transfer of Rs. 100 from account A to B. If
a system failure occurs during the program execution,
may be, the amount would have been removed from
account A and not credited into account B, resulting in
an inconsistent state.
• In database consistency, either both the credit and
debit occur, or that neither occur, i.e., funds transfer
must be atomic.
• This property is difficult to be ensured in a
conventional file processing system.
PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
6. CONCURRENT ACCESS ANOMALIES
• Many systems allow multiple users to update the data
simultaneously.
• Concurrent updates may result in inconsistent data.
7. SECURITY PROBLEMS
• All the users of the database system should not be
allowed to access all the data.
DATABASE SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
Database are widely used. Here are some
representative applications
Enterprise Information:
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
•Accounting: Payment, receipts, balance, assets etc
•Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
•Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
•Online Retailers: online order tracking, maintenance of online
product evaluations
Banking and Finance:
•Banking : Customer information, accounts, loans banking
transactions
•Credit Card Transaction: purchases on credit cards and online
payments
•Finance: For storing information for holdings,sales and stocks
and bonds,
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Telecommunications: For keeping records of calls,prepaid
calling record, communication networks
Thus Databases touch all aspects of our lives