CHAPTER I

NUMBERS SYSTEMS & CODES

Chapter Outline
Introductory digital concepts

Numbers system
Numbers system conversion Binary arithmetic Digital Codes

Introductory Digital Concepts

Analogue

Analogue
System that deals with continuous varying quantities such as voltage, temperature, pressure, velocity.

Example of analogue concept and application

Mercury-filled tube thermometer A baseball player swing a bat in analogue motion Velocity force with which a musician strikes a piano key

Introductory Digital Concepts

Digital

Digital
System that deals with discrete digits or quantities. Digital electronics deals exclusively with 1s and 0s.

Example of digital concept and application

Compact disks (CD) Digital audio tapes (DATs) Digital watch

Introductory Digital Concepts

Comparison and Limitation

Analogue signal
Higher quality than digital if noise does not interfere

Digital signal
Immune to noise

Can also receive the information

Flexibility storage

Complexity of circuit design

Either 1s or 0s only

Expensive equipment and larger size

Easy to design

Cheaper equipment and smaller size

Chapter Outline
Introductory digital concepts

Numbers system
Numbers system conversion Binary arithmetic Digital Codes

Numbers System
Definition

There are four types of numbering system

Binary (base 2)
Octal (base 8) Decimal (base 10) Hexadecimal (base 16)

Introduction to Number System

Decimal

Ten different possible digits

Uses 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9

Introduction to Number System

Binary

Two different possible digits

Uses only the digits 0 and 1

1 represent +5V 0 represent 0V

Introduction to Number System

Octal

Eight different possible digits

Uses 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7

10

Introduction to Number System

Hexadecimal

Sixteen different possible digits

Uses 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F

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Chapter Outline
Introductory digital concepts

Numbers system
Numbers system conversion Binary arithmetic Digital Codes

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Numbers System Conversion

Decimal conversion to:
Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Binary conversion to:

Decimal Octal Hexadecimal

Octal conversion to:

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal conversion to:

Binary Decimal Octal

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Decimal Conversion
Binary representation

Represent
Base

in binary
Remainder

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Decimal Conversion
Octal representation

Represent
Base 8 8 8

in octal
Number 80 10 1 0 0 2 1 Remainder

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Decimal Conversion
Hexadecimal representation

Represent
Base 16 16

in hexadecimal
Number 80 5 0 0 5 Remainder

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Binary Conversion
Decimal representation

Convert

to decimal number

Method 1

Method 2 2

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Binary Conversion
Octal representation

Convert

to octal number

Convert to decimal (previous answer : 11) Convert to octal

Base 8 8 Number 11 1 0 3 1 Remainder

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Binary Conversion
Hexadecimal representation

Every four bit number in binary equal to one digit in hexadecimal Convert to hexadecimal number

BINARY 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010

HEXADECIMAL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A

1011
1100 1101 1110 1111

B
C D E F

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Octal Conversion
Decimal representation

Convert

to decimal number

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Octal Conversion
Binary representation

Convert

to binary number

Convert to decimal number (Previous answer:80) Convert to binary

Base Remainder

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Octal Conversion
Hexadecimal representation

Convert

to hexadecimal number

Convert to decimal number (Previous answer:80) Convert to hexadecimal

Base
16 16

Number
80 5 0

Remainder
0 5

Another method?
Convert octal decimal binary hexadecimal So is equal to
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Hexadecimal Conversion
Binary representation

Convert
Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110

to binary number
Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Binary 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 Hexadecimal 8 9 A B C D E

Refer to binary to hexadecimal table

0111

1111

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Hexadecimal Conversion
Decimal representation

Convert

to decimal number

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Hexadecimal Conversion
Octal representation

Convert

to octal number

Convert to decimal number(Previous answer: 90) Convert to octal

Base
8 8 8

Number
90 11 1 0

Remainder
2 3 1

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Chapter Outline
Introductory digital concepts

Numbers system
Numbers system conversion Binary arithmetic Digital Codes

26

Binary Arithmetic
Basic arithmetic operation

Signed Number
1s Complement of binary number 2s Complement of binary number

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Binary
Binary Arithmetic

As same as decimal number, binary number also can perform arithmetic operation
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

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Binary
Addition

Basic addition
0+0=0 0+1=1 1+0=1 1 + 1 = 10

How about
1+1+1=?

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Binary
Addition - Example

Add

and

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Binary
Subtraction

Basic subtraction
00=0 10=1 11=0 10 0 = 10 10 1 = 1

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Binary
Subtraction - Example

Subtract

and

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Binary
Multiplication

Basic multiplication
1X1=1 1X0=0 0X1=0 0X0=0

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Binary
Multiplication - Example

Multiply

and

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Binary
Division

Basic division
11=1 0 1 = 0 remainder 1 11 1 = 11 11 11 = 1 11 10 = 1 remainder 1

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Binary
Division - Example

Divide

and

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Signed Number
Definition

Most Significant Bit (MSB) used as signed number 0 positive 1 negative

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1

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1s Complement
Definition

Negative number can be present by inverting a positive number Example

1s complement of +3(0011) produce -3(1100)

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1s Complement
Definition

So, we can present a set of negative number using 1s complement

Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1s Comp 1111 1110 1101 1100 1011 1010 1001 1000 Number 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Binary 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 1s Comp 0111 0110 0101 0100 0011 0010 0001 0000
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2s Complement
Definition

Add 1 with 1s complement number

Example

2s complement of +3(0011) produce -3(1101)

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2s Complement
Example 1

Add

with

using 2s complement

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2s Complement
Example 2

Add

with

using 2s complement

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Chapter Outline
Introductory digital concepts

Numbers system
Numbers system conversion Binary arithmetic Digital Codes

43

Digital Codes
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

Gray code
ASCII Parity bits

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Digital Codes
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

Translate binary number to decimal number

4-bit binary numbers (one digit) Represent from 0 to 9 in decimal

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Digital Codes
Summary

Binary
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110

Decimal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Octal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Hex
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E

BCD
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -

1111

15

17

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Digital Codes
Gray Code

Reflected binary code

Widely used error correction in digital communication

How to get Gray Code?
Gray Code can be expressed by:

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Digital Codes
Binary Gray Code

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Digital Codes
Binary Gray Code

Convert 1001 into gray code

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Digital Codes
Gray Code Binary

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Digital Codes
Gray Code Binary

Convert 1101 into binary

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Digital Codes
Gray Code - Table

DECIMAL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

BINARY 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000

GRAY CODE 0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100

9
10 11 12

1001
1010 1011 1100

1101
1111 1110 1010
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Digital Codes
ASCII Code

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange Computer understand numbers only ASCII code numerical representation of a character

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Digital Codes
ASCII Code - Table

How to present a word UTeM using ASCII code?

U T e M

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Digital Codes
Parity bits

A method for error detection

Types of parity bits

Even Odd

Count quantities of 1s for every data or information receive (even or odd)

Add extra bit (MSB) with 1s or 0s to perform parity bits selected types Transmitter Receiver (agreed)

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Digital Codes
Parity bits

Represent a data 10101000001 for receiver part using even and odd parity bits.

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