LECTURE # 2
Modern
Computer
Generation
DURING THE LAST
LECTURE ……..
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
• IT refers to a term that encompasses all
forms of the technology, deal with
creating, gathering, processing, storing,
presenting and dissemination of
information using hardware, software and
telecommunication technology.
• The study, design, development,
application, implementation, support or
management of Computer-based
information system.
Lady Augusta AdaCo
untess of Lovelace
Augusta Ada Byron,
Countess of Lovelace (Ada
Lovelace) (1815-52)
• Babbage: Father of computing
• Lady Augusta Ada : ?
• Wrote a program for computing the Bernoulli’s
Sequence on the Analytical Engine-known as
world’s 1st computer programmer.
• A programming language specifically designed
by the US Department of Defense for
developing military applications was named
Ada to honor her contributions towards
computing.
Electronic digital computers
From
John Vincent Atanasoff’s
1939
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
to
the present day
MODERN
COMPUTER
GENERATION
VACUUM TUBES
• The vacuum tube was developed
by
Lee DeForest.
• A vacuum tube is a device
generally used to amplify a signal
by controlling the movement of
electrons in an evacuated space.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) First generation computers were based on
vacuum tubes.
2) The operating systems of the first generation
computers were very slow.
3) They were very large in size.
4) Production of the heat was in large amount in
first generation computers.
5) Machine language (lowest level programming
language) was used for programming.
6) First generation computers were unreliable.
7) They were difficult to program and use.
TRANSISTOR
• The transistor was invented in 1947 by
three scientists J. Bardeen, H.W.
Brattain and W. Shockley.
• A transistor is a small device made up
of semiconductor material like
germanium and silicon.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) Transistors were used in place of
vacuum tubes.
2) Second generation computers were
smaller in comparison with the first
generation computers.
3) They were faster in comparison with the
first generation computers.
4) They generated less heat and were less
prone to failure.
5) They took comparatively less
computational time.
6) Second generation computers has faster
input/output devices.
Integrated Circuits
• IC was invented by Robert Noyce and
Jack Kilby
• IC is a single component containing a
number of transistors.
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed
on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
which drastically increased the speed
and efficiency of computers.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) IC was used instead of transistors in the
third generation computers.
2) Third generation computers were
smaller in size and cheaper as compare to
the second generation computers.
3) They were fast and more reliable.
4) They were able to reduce computational
time and had low maintenance cost.
5) Input/output devices became more
sophisticated.
6)High level language
Microprocessor
• The fourth generation computers emerged
with development of the VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integration).
• With the help of VLSI technology
microprocessor came into existence.
• The computers were designed by using
microprocessor, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) The fourth generation computers
have microprocessor-based systems.
2) They are the cheapest among all the
computer generation.
3) The speed, accuracy and reliability of
the computers were improved in fourth
generation computers.
4) A Further refinement of input/output
devices was developed.
5) Networking between the systems
was developed
Artificial Intelligence
• The goal of the fifth generation is to develop
the device which could respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.
• So we can say that the fifth generation
computers will have the power of human
intelligence.
• Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will be used in this
technology.
Characteristics
1) The fifth generation computers will use
super large scale integrated chips.
2) They will have artificial intelligence.
3) They will be able to recognize image
and graphs.
4) Fifth generation computer aims to be
able to solve highly complex problem
including decision making, logical
reasoning.
5) They will be able to use more than one
CPU for faster processing speed.
6) Fifth generation computers are
intended to work with natural language
FEW EXAMPLES OF
INVENTED
MACHINE/DEVICE
Alan Turin
g1912-195
4
The Turing Machine
Aka
The Universal Machine
1936
1939
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC)
The ABC was the first electronic digital
computer, invented by John Vincent Atanasoff
The ENIAC:
Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer
1951
UNIAC
(UNIVERSAL
AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER)
EXERCISE of Lec#2
• GIVE SOME EXAMPLES OF
EACH GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS
FEW ADVANCED
TECHNOLIOGES
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the
idea that you can program
computers to perform tasks that
normally require human intelligence.
Robotic process automation: Like
AI & Machine Learning, Robotic
Process Automation is another
technology that automates jobs.
Robotics: There is hope for the
future of robotics in creating
machines with human-like cognitive
abilities.
Automatic devices that can carry out certain
tasks are the focus of robotics research. Several
industries could benefit from the use of robotics,
including construction, medicine, and
transportation.
Cloud Computing: Computing in the cloud
involves transferring data to and storing it on
remote servers
Cybersecurity is the practice of keeping
computers and networks safe from intrusion via
electronic means.
BLOCKCHAI
N
is a method of recording
information that makes
it impossible or difficult
for the system to be
changed, hacked, or
manipulated
5G
The 5G network
brings revolutionary
changes in the
whole world. It is
most helpful for the
fastest service in
the modern sector
Exercise
• Generate a list of ways the
computer/IT has impacted the
world.
Include both positive changes and
negative changes.
think creatively.
The End