CONTENTS

1. Introduction to tablets
2. Classification of tablets
3. Formulation of tablets
4. Methods of preparation
Direct compression method
Types of tablet compression machinery &
equipment's employed
Granulation methods
Granulation technology on large-scale by various
techniques and equipment's
4. Tablet processing problems (Defects)and their
remedy.
5. Evaluation of tablets
`
 Introduction
Definition:
 The term tablet was obtained from Latin word tabuletta(small
disc like or cylindrical specimens).

 In the year 1843 Ist patent was granted for hand operated
device used to form a tablet.

 Tablet is defined as a compressed unit solid dosage form

containing medicaments with or without excipients.

 According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia,

Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit
dosage form, prepared by compressing a drugs or a mixture of
drugs, with or without diluents.

 They vary in shape and differ greatly in size and weight,

depending on amount of medicinal substances and the intended
mode of administration.
 These are untended for oral administration & some other
routes also.

 Some are swallowed, chewed, dissolved/dispersed in

water before being administered & retained in mouth
where API is released.

SITE OF ACTION:

 Mainly systemic drug delivery (For systemic use, Drug

must be released from the tablet i.e. normally it Dissolves
in the fluids of mouth, stomach or intestine & thereafter
drug is absorbed into systemic circulation, by which it
reaches to the site of action.)

 Also local drug action.

 ADVANTAGES:

 Easy to swallow and production does not require any

additional processing steps.

 Oral route is convenient (Patient acceptance)& safe way

of drug administration.

 Provide protection of medicaments from atmospheric

conditions like air, moisture and light.

 Low manufacturing cost as compare to other solid

dosage forms and large scale production is possible.
 ADVANTAGES
continued…..

 Accurate dosing is possible.

 As tablet is not a sterile dosage form, stringent

environmental conditions are not required in the
tablet production area.

 Ease of packaging (blister or strip).

 Organoleptic properties (taste, appearance and

odor) are best improved by coating of tablet.
 ADVANTAGES: continued…..

 Product identification is easy and markings done with the

help of grooved punches and printing with edible ink.

 Tablets can be coated to

- Modify release char’s
- Mask their Unpleasant taste
- Enable administration of drugs that irritates G.I.T

 Different types of tablets are available like buccal, floating,

colon targeting, effervescent, dispersible, soluble, and
chewable, etc.
ADVANTAGES:
continued…..

 As compared to liquid dosage form, tablets

have stability Physically, Chemically &
Microbiologically.

 As compared to parenterals dosage form, a

doctor or a nurse is not required for
administration. i.e. self administration is possible.

 As compared to capsules, tablets are more

tamperproof.
 LIMITATIONS
 Major limitation is poor bioavailability of drugs due to
unfavourable drug properties like
-Poor solubility & slow dissolution property
-Poor absorption properties
-Unstable in G.I.T
 Drugs cannot absorbed or extensively degraded in GI
tract cannot be made into tablets.
 Some drugs may cause local irritation or damage to the
[Link].
 Slow onset of action as compared to parenterals, liquid
orals and capsules.
 Difficult to swallow for Paediatrics and geriatric patients.
 Drugs with Amorphous, hygroscopic, low density are
difficult to compress.
 Patients undergoing radiotherapy cannot swallow tablet.
 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TABLETS

 A tablet must be strong and hard to withstand mechanical

shock during manufacturing, packing, shipping, dispensing
and use.

 The drug content of the tablet must be bioavailable that is,

the tablet must be able to release its content in a
predictable and reproducible manner.

 The tablet must be chemically and physically stable to

maintain its chemical and physical attributes during
manufacture, storage, and use.

 The tablet should have elegant product identity which is free

from any tablet defect.

 Tablets must be uniform in weight and in drug content.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TABLETS continued,,,,,

 The drug should be uniformly distributed throughout the

tablets.

 The size and shape should be reasonable for easy

administration.

 The tablets should not be too hard that it may not be

disintegrate in the stomach.

 After administration it should disintegrate readily.

 They should be attractive in appearance.

 They should not have any manufacturing defects like

cracking, capping or discoloration.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TABLETS

Can be classified based on

I. Oral tablets for ingestion

II. Tablets used in oral cavity
III. Tablets administered by other routes
IV. Tablets used to prepare solutions
V. Based on release rate
I. Oral tablets for ingestion

1. Compressed tablet(CT)
2. Multiple compressed tablet(MCT)
A. Compression coated tablets
B. Layered tablets
C. Inlay tablets
3. Sugar & chocolate coated tablet
4. Film coated tablet
5. Chewable tablet
6. Immediate release tablets
7. Extended release tablets
8. Delayed release tablets
II. Tablets used in oral cavity
 Buccal tablet, e.g. Vitamin-c tablet

 Sublingual tablet, e.g. Vicks Menthol tablet

 Troches or lozenges

 Dental cone

[Link] administered by other routes

 Implantation tablet

 Vaginal tablets
IV. Tablets used to prepare solutions

 Effervescent tablet,

 Dispensing tablet

 Hypodermic tablet

 Tablet triturates
V. Based on release rate
Immediate release
Modified release
Delayed release
 1. COMPRESSED TABLET

 It is obtained by high pressure compression

uniform volume of particles using "Tablet
compression machine".

 It comprises a mixture of active

pharmaceutical ingredients &
excipients, usually in granules or powder
form, pressed or compacted from a powder
into a solid dosage form.

 These tablets are usually intended to

provide rapid disintegration and drug
release.

 These tablets contain water soluble drugs

which after swallowing get disintegrated in
the stomach and its drug contents are
absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and
 2. MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLET(MCT)
(Multi layered tablets or tablet within tablet)

 These tablets are prepared to separate physically or

chemically incompatible ingredients or to produce
repeat-action or prolonged-action products.

 To avoid incompatibility, the ingredients of the formulation

except the incompatible material are compressed into a
core tablet and then incompatible substance along with
necessary excipients are compressed over the previously
compressed core tablet.

 A special type of tablet making machine is used which

provides two compressions.
 MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLET(MCT)
[Link] COATED TABLETS
 Compression coated tablet has two parts, the first part is
internal core and the second part is surrounding core.
 This tablet readily lends itself into a repeat action.
 Outer layer provides the initial dose while the inner core
releases the drug later on.
Hence, it is useful for releases of two
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), one immediate
release formulation which is present in coat and the other
sustained release formulation entrapped in the core .
 2. MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLET(MCT)
[Link] TABLETS
 Layered tablets are composed of two or three layers of
granulation compressed together.

 They have the appearance of a sandwich because the edges of

each layer are exposed.

 When two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients are

needed to be administered simultaneously and they are
incompatible, the best option for the formulation pharmacist
would be to formulate multi-layered tablet.

 A single tablet composed of two or more layers and usually

each layer is of different color to produce a distinctive looking
tablet.

 There are mainly two type of layered tablets

Bilayer
Trilayer
Bilayer tablets
 In bilayer tablet release of both drugs start immediately
compare to compression coated tablet.

 It solves incompatibility issues between two active

pharmaceutical ingredients by providing limited contact.
Limitation:
 It have only one interphase between two drug layers so
incompatibility between two drugs may occur at this point.
 Trilayer tablets
 Bilayer tablets have only one interphase between two drug
layers so incompatibility between two drugs may occur at
this point.

 Trilayer tablets can solve this kind of interphase

incompatibility problem between two drugs.

 In trilayer tablet two or three drug releases simultaneously.

 2. MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLET(MCT)
[Link] TABLETS(Dot, or bull's-eye tablet)
 A variation of the compression coated tablet is the inlay tablet

 Instead of the core, tablet being completely surrounded by

the coating, its top surface is completely exposed with a
yellow core and a white coating, the tablet resembles a fried
egg.

 Two drugs are incorporated in tablet, one in core & one in

coat.
 Release of both drugs starts immediately but coating is
responsible for slow release and core is responsible for
immediate release of incorporated drugs.
 This form can be useful in sustained release preparations to
reduce the size and weight of the tablet.
 [Link] & CHOCOLATE COATED TABLETS

 Sugar coated tablets are prepared generally in cases

where the drug has some unacceptable properties like taste,
odor, colour etc.
Ex: quinine
 The sugar coating makes the tablet elegant and it also safe
guards the drug from atmospheric effects.

 The sugar solutions are used to coat the tablet and to

provide it a glossy appearance.
 [Link] coated tablet
 The compressed tablets having a film coating of some
polymer substance, such as
Hydroxypropyl cellulose,
Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
Ethyl cellulose.
 The film coating protects the medicament from atmospheric
effects.
 Film coated tablets are generally tasteless, having little
increase in the tablet weight and have less elegance than that
of sugar coated tablets.
 [Link] TABLETS

 These tablets are chewed in the mouth and broken

into smaller pieces.
 In this way, the disintegration time is reduced and
the rate of absorption of the medicament is
increased
E.x. Aluminium hydroxide Tablets.
[Link] used in oral cavity

1. Buccal tablet
2. Sublingual tablet
3. Troches or lozenges
4. Dental cone
 1. BUCCAL TABLETS
 These are small, flat and oval in shape with a diameter of
approximately 5–8 mm.

LOCATION
 These tablets are to be placed in the Buccal pouch or between the
gums and lips or cheek where they dissolve or disintegrate slowly
and are absorbed directly without passing into the alimentary canal.
E.x. Tablets of Ethisterone.

 These tablets stick to the buccal mucosa in presence of saliva.

 They are designed to release the drug either unidirectional, targeting

buccal mucosa or multidirectional in to the saliva.

Methods of preparation

 The direct compression technique is most widely used for

preparation of buccal tablets.

 Other techniques like wet granulation can also be employed.

 They soften, adhere to the mucosa and are retained in position until
dissolution and/or release is complete.

 Can be used for both local and systemic drug delivery.

 A rapid systemic drug effect can thus be obtained without first-pass

liver metabolism, because the drug diffuses into the blood, directly
through tissues of oral mucosa.

 They are often small and porous, the latter facilitating fast
disintegration and drug release.

Marketted Buccal tablet

 Prochlorperazine maleate tab
 Glycerl trinitrite Buccal tab
 Fentanyl Buccal tab
 Miconazole Buccal tab
 Testosterone Buccal tab

28
 Ideal Characteristics of Buccal tablets

 Should adhere to the site of attachment for a few hours.

 Should release the drug in a controlled fashion.

 Should provide drug release in a unidirectional way toward

the mucosa.

 Should facilitate the rate and extent of drug absorption.

 Should not cause any irritation or inconvenience to the

patient.

 Should not interfere with the normal functions such as

talking and drinking.
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
[Link] Polymers
A Bioadhesive polymer which adheres to the Mucin/epithelial surface is
effective
Natural polymers
Ex: Gelatin, sodium alginate.
Synthetic and semi synthetic polymers
Ex: PVA, PEG, HPMC, PVP, Carbomers etc.

[Link] Membrane
Backing membrane plays a major role in the attachment of bioadhesive
devices to the mucus membrane.
Carbopol,
M.S, HPMC, HPC, CMC, polycarbophil etc.

[Link] Enhancers
Penetration enhancer’s are used in buccal formulations to improve the
release of the drug
EX: Sodium lauryl sulphate,
Polysorbate 80
Sodium Fusidate &Sodium glycocholate
Dimethyl formamide
 [Link] TABLET

 These tablets are to be placed under the tongue where

they dissolve or disintegrate quickly and are absorbed
directly without passing into GIT (gastro intestinal tract).

 Easily melt in the mouth, dissolve rapidly and with little or

no residue.
EX: Nitro-glycerine tablets
Anti-emetic ondansetron
 Sublingual tablets are placed under the tongue.

 Nitroglycerin sublingual tablet; it exerts its action within

two minutes for rapid relief of "Angina pectoris" attack,
because the sublingual area is rich in blood supply.

 Nitroglycerine suffers from first-pass metabolism if taken orally.

 Also other cardiovascular drug,

barbiturates & vitamins are prepared as
sublingual tablet
 [Link]
They are tablets that dissolve slowly in the mouth and so
release the drug dissolved in the saliva.

These tablets are designed to exert a local effect in the mouth

or throat.

These tablets are commonly used to treat sore throat or to

control cough in common cold.

They may contain

Local anaesthetics,
Antiseptic,
Antibacterial agents,
Astringents and antitussives.
Bradoral® compressed lozenges
for treatment of sore throat
 COMPOSITION
Additives (binder and filler) must have pleasant taste or feeling during dissolution.

High concentration of fillers which are mainly sugars as glucose, sorbitol or mannitol.

High concentration of binder is used.

(common binder used in compressed lozenges is gelatin)

Sweetening agent

Flavouring agent and a substance which produces a cooling effect along with
medicaments.

No Disintegrant Is Included In Compressed Lozenges.

SITE OF ACTION:
Lozenges may be used for;
- Local medication for mouth or throat, e.g. local anesthetics,

antiseptics and antibiotics.

- Systemic drug uptake.

METHOD OF PREPARATION
These are prepared by compression at a high pressure with
large and flat punches or by the moulding process.
 [Link] CONE
 A Tablet form intended to be placed in the empty socket
following a tooth extraction.

 These tablets contain an excipients like lactose, sodium

bicarbonate and sodium chloride etc.

 The main purpose of this tablet is to either preventing local

multiplication of bacteria in the socket by employing a slow
releasing antibacterial compound or to reduce bleeding by an
astringent or coagulant containing tablet.

 It is formulated to dissolve or erode slowly in the presence of

a small volume of serum or fluid over 20-40 mins.
III. Tablets administered by other routes
 Implantation tablet

 Vaginal tablets
 [Link] TABLET(Depot tablets)

 Small, cylindrical or rossete shaped forms, not more than 8mm

in length.

 Provide as constant a drug delivery rate as possible & Prolonged

drug effect ranging from one month to a year.

 The implants must be sterile and should be packed individually in

sterile condition.

 Implants are hormones mainly used for such administration of

testosterone and deoxycorticosterone etc.

Method of preparation:
 These may be made by heavy compression but are normally
made by fusion.
SITE OF ACTION
These tablets are placed under the skin or inserted
subcutaneously by means of minor surgical operation and are
slowly absorbed.

Disadvantages:
 It has safety problems
 Tissue toxicity problems in the area
implantation site.
 [Link] TABLETS

 The tablets are typically ovoid or pear shaped to facilitate

retention in the vagina.

 Uncoated bullet shaped or ovoid tablets.

 Designed to undergo slow dissolution and drug release in

vaginal cavity.

 Placed in the upper region of vaginal tract by plastic tube

inserter.
 The tablets are often buffered to promote a pH
favourable to the action of a specified antiseptic agent.

 It may contain
Antibacterial,
Antiseptics/astringents to treat vaginal infections
such vaginitis
Antifungals to treat fungal infections such as
candidiasis
To release steroids for systemic absorption.
IV. Tablets used to prepare solutions

1) Effervescent tablet,
2) Dispensing tablet
3) Hypodermic tablet
4) Tablet triturates
 1. EFFERVESCENT TABLET
 Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets generally
containing acid substances and carbonates or hydrogen
carbonates which react rapidly in the presence of water to
release carbon dioxide.

 They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water

before administration.

 Effervescent tablets are dropped into a glass of water before

administration during which CO2 is liberated.

 This facilitates tablet disintegration and drug dissolution; the

tablet disintegration should be complete within few minutes.
(Effervescence is a special mechanism for disintegration)
CO2 is created by the reaction between carbonate or
bicarbonate and a weak acid such as citric acid or tartaric
acid.
Effervescent tablets are dropped into a glass of water before
administration, during which carbon dioxide is liberated.

Facilitates tablet disintegration and drug dissolution; the

dissolution of the tablet should be complete within a few
Minutes.
 [Link] TABLETS

 Intended to be added to a given volume of water by the

pharmacist or the consumer, to produce a solution of a given
drug concentration.

 Materials incorporated in dispensing tablets include

Mild silver proteinate,
Bichloride of mercury
Quaternary ammonium compound

 These tablets contain excipient which gets dissolved quickly

to form a clear solution.

METHOD OF PREPARATION:
Molding or by compression
 So, great care must be taken in the packaging and
labelling of such tablets in order to prevent their misuse.

Disadvantages:
 These tablets are highly toxic if taken orally by mistake.

 Extremely hazardous and even lethal if mistakenly

swallowed.

 Unavailability of sterile water to produce sterile solutions.

NOTE: Not available now

 [Link] TABLET
 It a water-soluble tablet that contains a specified amount of medication
and is intended for hypodermic administration.

 They are composed of one or more drugs with other readily water
soluble ingredients and are intended to be added to sterile water or WFI.

 Administered by parenteral route. So, special precautions are needed to

be taken during their preparations.

 These tablets however are not preferred nowadays as there are

chances that the solution prepared from hypodermic tablets may be
a non-sterile.

Methods of preparation:
 Either by molding or compression

Advantage:

The physician can carry many vials of tablets in his bag with only one
bottle of sterile WFI.
Disadvantage:

 The likelihood of administering a nonsterile solution, even though

portable sterile filtration equipment exists to help assure sterility.
 [Link] TRITURATES

 These are small tablets usually cylindrical, moulded or

compressed, and contain a potent medicament with a
diluent.

 On a small scale,
tablet triturates are prepared by using hand-
operated tablet triturates moulds.

 For Bulk production, automatic tablet triturate machines are

used.

 The drugs used were potent and mixed with lactose and a
binder such as powdered acacia, after which the mixture was
moistened to produce a moldable, compactable mass.
Disadvantages:
 Unreliable bioavailability.
 Poor content uniformity of tablets containing potent
drugs.
V. Based on release rate
1. Immediate release
2. Modified release
3. Delayed release
According to drug release rate from the tablet (USP
classification):

[Link]-release tablet

The tablet is intended to be released rapidly after

administration, or the tablet is dissolved and administered as
solution.

It is the most common type and includes

Disintegrating tablet (conventional or plain tablet)

Chewable tablets
Effervescent tablets
Sublingual and Buccal tablets
Lozenges
Soluble tablets
Od tablets
 [Link]-release tablet

They have release features based on;

time, course or location.

They should normally be swallowed intact.

Different excipients than immediate release tablets.

The drug is released from an extended-release tablet

slowly at a nearly constant rate.
 [Link]-release tablets

 The drug is liberated from the tablet some time after

administration.

 After this period has elapsed, the release is normally rapid.

e.g. Enteric tablet, for which the drug is released in the upper
part of the small intestine after the preparation has passed the
stomach.
 [Link]-RELEASE TABLET:
Disintegrating tablet (conventional or plain tablet)
Disintegrating tablet is the most common type of tablets that is
intended to be swallowed and to release the drug in a relatively
short time thereafter, by disintegration and dissolution (fast and
complete drug release In-vivo).

It includes normally the following type of excipients

Filler (with low dose drug),
Disintegrant,
Binder,
Glidant,
Lubricant & Antiadherent.
Tablet disintegration may be affected by;
1- Choice of the excipients.
2- Production conditions during manufacture.

Conventional tablet may be single layer or multilayer.

Multilayer tablets are prepared by repeated compression of
powders and are made primarily to separate incompatible drugs
from each other.
 Chewable tablets
Chewable tablets are to be chewed and thus mechanically
disintegrated in the mouth, so NO DISINTEGRANT IS INCLUDED IN
ITS COMPOSITION.

Flavoring, sweetening and coloring agents are important.

Sorbitol and mannitol are common examples of fillers in chewable

tablets,
(mannitol has negative heat of solution which results in cooling
effect and also has sweetening action)

Advantages of chewable tablets:

- Provide quick and complete disintegration of the tablet and thus
obtain a rapid drug effect after swallowing and dissolution.

- Easy administration, especially for infants and elderly people.

- Could be administered when water is not available.

Examples for chewable tablets are;
- Chewable Aspirin tablets (for children in the
treatment of rheumatoid and to prevent clot formations in adults)
- Chewable Antacid tablets
Effervescent tablets:

Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets generally containing acid substances and
carbonates or hydrogen carbonates which react rapidly in the presence of water to
release carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water
before administration.

Effervescent tablets are dropped into a glass of water before administration during
which CO2 is liberated. This facilitates tablet disintegration and drug dissolution;
the tablet disintegration
should be complete within few minutes.
(Effervescence is a special mechanism for disintegration)
CO2 is created by the reaction between carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid
such as citric acid or tartaric acid.
Effervescent tablets are dropped into a glass of water before
administration, during which carbon dioxide is liberated.

facilitates tablet disintegration and

drug dissolution; the dissolution of the
tablet should be complete within a few
minutes.
 Uses of effervescent tablets:
1. Rapid drug action, e.g. analgesic drugs .
2. Facilitate the intake of the drug, e.g. vitamins.

After buffered water Temporarily

Dissolution of solution will increases the pH
tablets be obtained of the stomach

fast drug bioavailability (As drugs are

Rapid emptying of the stomach and
absorbed more effectively in the small
shortening the residence time
intestine than in the stomach)
e.g. analgesics

Drug-induced gastric irritation

can be avoided (short residence
time) e.g. aspirin tablets
As absorption of aspirin in the
stomach can cause irritation
Advantages of effervescent tablets:
1. To obtain rapid drug action, for example analgesics and antacids.
2. To facilitate drug intake, for example vitamins.
3. They are convenient, easy to use, premeasured dosage form as
compared with the powdered dosage forms.
4. They cannot spill as the powdered preparations can.
5. They can be individually packaged to exclude moisture, thereby
avoiding the problem of product instability of the unused
contents during storage.

Effervescent tablets package

 Effervescent tablets often include a flavor and a
colorant.

 Effervescent tablets are prepared by direct compression

or dry granulation.

 Effervescent tablets should be protected from moisture,

so that a special package is needed; each tablet is
completely covered with aluminum foil and kept in a
water-proof container, often including a desiccant.

 Effervescent tablets may be packed in blister packs

 Effervescent tablets usually contain

Carbonate or Flavor and a A water-soluble

bicarbonate and a colourant lubricant is
weak acid such as preferable in order
citric or tartaric N.B. Binder to avoid a film of
The amount of and hydrophobic
sodium bicarbonate disintegrant are lubricant on the
in an effervescent normally not surface of the water
tablet is often quit included in the after tablet
high (about 1 gram) composition dissolution
 Sublingual and Buccal tablets:

 They are used for drug release in mouth followed by systemic

uptake of the drug.

 A rapid systemic drug effect can thus be obtained without first-

pass liver metabolism, because the drug diffuses into the blood,
directly through tissues under the tongue in case of sublingual
tablets and through oral mucosa in case of buccal tablets.

 They are often small and porous, the latter facilitating fast
disintegration and drug release.
 Sublingual tablets are placed under the tongue.

Ex. Nitroglycerin sublingual tablet; it exerts its action within two minutes for
rapid relief of "Angina pectoris" attack, because the sublingual area is rich in blood
supply. Nitroglycerine suffers from first-pass metabolism if taken orally. Also other
cardiovascular drug, barbiturates, and vitamins are prepared as sublingual tablet
dosage form.
 Disadvantage
1) High dose can not be administered
2) Less area is available for absorption
3) Not suitable for bitter and irritating drugs
4) Less patient compliance
5) No eating, Drinking and smoking is allowed
6) Highly ionic drugs can not be administered

67/20
Advantages
1) Rapid absorption
2) Dose reduction
3) Fast on set of action
4) Increase B.A.
5) Reduction in side effects
6) Suitable in disease like nausea, vomiting
7) Not required water

68/20
 Buccal Tablets
• Buccal tablets are small, flat, and oval shaped dosage form
and unlike conventional tablets allow for drinking and
speaking without major discomfort.

• They soften, adhere to the mucosa and are retained in

position until dissolution and/or release is complete

• Can be used for both local and systemic drug delivery

69
Buccal tablets are placed in the side of the cheek for
absorption through oral mucosa.
N.B. Buccal tablets may be also prepared for their local
application.
 LOZENGES
They are tablets that dissolve slowly in the mouth and so release the drug
dissolved in the saliva.

Lozenges may be used for;

- Local medication for mouth or throat, e.g. local anesthetics, antiseptics
and antibiotics.
- Systemic drug uptake.

Compressed lozenges:
are made by using tablet machine with large and flat punches, with high
pressure is applied to produce hard tablets, so that they dissolve slowly in
mouth.

Bradoral® compressed loyenges

for treatment of sore throat
NO DISINTEGRANT IS INCLUDED IN
COMPRESSED LOZENGES COMPOSITION

Other additives (binder and filler) must have pleasant taste

or feeling during dissolution. High concentration of fillers which
are mainly sugars as glucose, sorbitol or mannitol.
High concentration of binder is used. Common binder used in
compressed lozenges is gelatin.
 Soluble tablets

Soluble tablets are uncoated or film-coated tablets.

They are intended to be dissolved in water before
administration.

The solution produced may be slightly opalescent

due to the added excipients used in the
manufacture of tablets.
 ODT

Orally disintegrating tablets are defined as solid oral

preparations that disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity with
an In-vitro disintegration time of less than 30 seconds,
according to FDA guidelines.
 [Link]-release tablet
Allowing the reduction
in dosing frequency.
1-Extended-release tablet 2- Delayed-release tablet

Slowly release the drug in the GIT at a constant rate

Prolonged release and sustained release (12-24 hours) Drug release is delayed due to physiological
- The aim is to increase the time period conditions e.g. pH (a lag period followed by
during which a therapeutic concentration normal release).
level in the blood is maintained The best example is enteric coated tablets, the
- To increase the release time for drugs drug is released in the upper part of the small
that can cause local irritation in the intestine after which the preparation has passed the
stomach or intestine if they are released stomach.
quickly (iron salts) If the drug is sensitive to acid, or is irritant to the
Immediate release
tablet
stomach lining, an enteric coating can be used.
e
eas

Extended release
Cumulative
rel

tablet
tab ayed

amount of drug
le t

released
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