SQL
COMMANDS
Learning Objectives:
- Identify the different types of SQL commands.
- Perform the different SQL commands.
SQL Commands
- are commands that are used to communicate with
the database. It is also used to perform specific tasks,
functions, and queries of data.
- it can perform various tasks like create a table, add
data to tables, drop the table, modify the table, set
permission for users.
Types of
SQL Commands
1. Data Definition Language
(DDL)
DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a
table, deleting a table, altering a table, etc.
All the command of DDL are auto-committed that
means it permanently save all the changes in the
database.
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);
Example:
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(name VARCHAR2(20), email VARCHAR2(100), DOB DATE);
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record
stored in the table.
Syntax:
DROP TABLE TABLE_NAME;
Example:
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change
could be either to modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or
probably to add a new attribute.
Syntax:
1. To add a new column in the table
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;
2. To modify existing column in the table:
ALTER TABLE MODIFY(COLUMN DEFINITION....);
Examples:
1. ALTER TABLE STUD_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));
2. ALTER TABLE STUD_DETAILS MODIFY NAME VARCHAR2(20);
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table
and free the space containing the table.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
2. Data Manipulation
Language (DML)
DML commands are used to modify the database. It is
responsible for all form of changes in the database.
The command of DML is not auto-committed that
means it can't permanently save all the changes in the
database. They can be rollback.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to
insert data into the row of a table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME
(col1, col2, col3,.... col N) or VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
Example:
INSERT INTO PROGRAM
(Author, Subject)
VALUES (“Gosling", “Java");
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a
column in the table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN]
[WHERE CONDITION];
Example:
UPDATE PROGRAM
SET User_Name = ‘James'
WHERE author_Id = ‘7' ;
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
Example:
DELETE FROM PROGRAM
WHERE Author=“James";
3. Data Control Language
(DCL)
DCL commands are used to grant and take back
authority from any database user.
2. Data Control Language (DCL)
a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
Example:
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;
2. Data Control Language (DCL)
b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.
Example:
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;
4. Transaction Control
Language (TCL)
TCL commands can only use with DML commands like
INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
These operations are automatically committed in the
database that's why they cannot be used while creating
tables or dropping them.
4. Transaction Control Language (TCL)
a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the
transactions to the database.
Syntax:
COMMIT;
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE AGE = 25;
COMMIT;
4. Transaction Control Language (TCL)
b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions
that have not already been saved to the database.
Syntax:
ROLLBACK;
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE AGE = 25;
ROLLBACK;
4. Transaction Control Language (TCL)
c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain
point without rolling back the entire transaction.
Syntax:
SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
5. Data Query Language
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.
It uses only one command:
◦SELECT
5. Data Query Language
a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is
used to select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.
Syntax:
SELECT expressions
FROM TABLES
WHERE conditions;
Example:
SELECT emp_name
FROM employee
WHERE gender > ”female”;