FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE WADURA

SOPORE
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
AUTHOR : Dr. SYED SHAFAT KUBREVI
CONTENTS
[Link] of rural development
B. rural development programmes launched by Government of
India:
1. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)
[Link] Awas Yojana (IAY)
[Link] Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
[Link] Ministers’ Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
[Link] Rural Development Agency (DRDA)
[Link] Watershed Development Programme (IWDP)
[Link] Urban Amenities in Rural Area (PURA)
8. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh – (National Credit Fund for Women)
9. Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM)
 Development:
The word rural development is used in different ways in vastly divergent contents. The
rural development is not merely agriculture development but it is rural transformation.
It includes improvement in production, income, standard of living, wages, housing, village
planning, education, public health, communication, literacy and other aspects of rural
people.
Rural Development is a strategy to improve the economic and social life of a specific
group of people- the rural poor, including small and marginal farmers, tenants and
landless. Rural development is overall (social, economical, political and spiritual)
development of rural areas to improve quality of life of rural people.
Rural Development is an improvement in the living standards of the masses of low
income population residing in rural areas and making the process self sustaining The term
rural development combines two words Rural and Development.
The term Rural and Development- is used in different ways:-
 As a Concept –Development of Rural areas
 As a phenomenon- Interaction between institutional factors
 As a Strategy- Approach to bring positive change in rural life Ultimate Objective of
rural development is: Improving the quality of life of rural poor and the rural weak.
CONCEPTS OF
RURAL
DEVELOPMENT:
 According to World Bank (1975) – the rural development in general terms, is a
strategy designed to improve economic and social life of people in a rural
settlement and in particular, it focuses attention on the rural poor comprising the
small and marginal farmers, tenants, and landless laborers. Rural development is
the dynamic process of development of the rural people through various
programmes and projects so that they can become self-reliant citizens of the
country. The work is done by involving various agencies and organizations, and
above all, the local people themselves.
 It involves extending the benefits of development to the poorest among those
who seek a livelihood in the rural areas. The group includes small scale farmers,
tenants and the landless.
 As a phenomenon, rural development is the end result of interaction between
various physical, technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors.
motivate the people for adoption.
 As a strategy, it is designed to improve the economic and social wellbeing of a
specific group of people – the rural poor.
 As a discipline, it is multidisciplinary in nature, representing an interaction of
agricultural, social, behavioral, engineering and management sciences.
 In the words of Robert Chambers (1983), Rural development is a strategy to
enable a specific group of people, poor rural women and men, to gain for
themselves and their children more of what they want and need. It involves
helping the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in the rural areas to
demand and control more of the benefits of rural development.
 The group includes small-scale farmers, tenants and landless. Rural
Development is a process of developing and utilizing natural and human
resources, technologies, infrastructural facilities, institutions and
organizations, and government policies and programmes to encourage
and speed up economic growth in rural areas, to create jobs and to
improve the quality of rural life towards self-sustenance
 Various rural development programmes launched by Government of
India: Introduction,
 1. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)
 2. Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
 3. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
 [Link] Ministers’ Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
 5. District Rural Development Agency (DRDA)
 6. Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWDP)
 [Link] Urban Amenities in Rural Area (PURA)
 [Link] Mahila Kosh – (National Credit Fund for Women)
 [Link] Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM)
1.
Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana (SGSY)
Introduction
  Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojagar Yojana is centrally sponsored
  Launched 01 April, 1999.
  Scheme basically emphasizes on self-employment.
  Scheme covers all aspect of self- employment like capacity
building, subsidy, and infrastructure facility, and credit, skill up
gradation, insurance & marketing.
  SGSY is combination of 6 earlier programmes namely
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Training of
Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM), Development of
Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Supply of
Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA), Ganga Kalyan
Yojana (GKY) and Million Well Scheme (MWS).
 SGSY is financed on 75:25 cost sharing base between Centre
and State Governments.
  Poor Families below the Poverty Line (BPL) in rural
areas constitute the target group of the SGSY.
  Within the target group, special safeguards have
been provided to vulnerable sections, by way of
reserving 50% benefits for SCs/STs, 40%for women
and 3% for disabled persons.
  Its main purpose is to ensure that the net and
monthly income of the family should be at a
minimum of Rs. 2000
  The Projects may involve different strategies to
provide long term sustainable self employment
opportunities either in terms of organization of the
rural poor, provision of support infrastructure,
technology, marketing, training etc. or a
combination of these.
Objectives:-
 1. To assist rural people especially women and
youth in self employment by organizing them into
SHG’s
 2. To established large number of micro enterprises
like vermicompost, poultry, mushroom etc.
 3. Identification of 4-5 such micro enterprises per
block depending upon skills, recourses and
marketing facilities in that area.
 4. To provide technical support, market support,
credit support for the newly formed SHG’s.
Characteristics of this project:
 1. The beneficiaries may be individuals or groups but the
emphasis is given to SHG’s
 2. SGSY is a credit cum subsidy programme.
 3. The programme emphasizes skill development through well
organized trainings.
 4. The objectives of this scheme is to established small
industries based on working capacity of poor people in the
rural areas.
 5. The implementation of this scheme will be carried out by
District Rural Development Agency through Panchyat Samithis.
In the implementation and supervision of this project, the
banks of district and other financial institutions, Panchayat Raj
Institutions, non government organization will be involved.
2.
Indira Awas Yojana
(IAY)
Introduction:-
 Housing is one of the basic requirements for human
survival.
 With a view to meeting the housing needs of the rural poor,
Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was launched in May 1985 as a sub-
scheme of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
 It is being implemented as an independent scheme since 1
January 1996.
 The Indira Awaas Yojana aims at helping rural people below
the poverty-line (BPL) belonging to SCs/STs, freed bonded
labourers and non-SC/ST categories in construction of dwelling
units and up gradation of existing unserviceable kutcha houses
by providing assistance in the form of full grant
 It is funded by the Centre and State in the ratio of 75:25.
3.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act
 Evolving the design of the wage employment programmes to more
effectively fight poverty, the Central Government formulated the National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in 2005.
 With its legal framework and rights-based approach, MGNREGA provides
employment to those who demand it and is a paradigm shift from earlier
programmes.
 Notified on September 7, 2005, MGNREGA aims at enhancing livelihood
security by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage
employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult
members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
 The Act covered 200 districts in its first phase, implemented on February 2,
2006, and was extended to 130 additional districts in 2007- 2008.  All the
remaining rural areas have been notified with effect from April 1, 2008.
Salient features of the Act
 Right based Framework: For adult members of a rural household willing to
do unskilled manual work.
 Time bound Guarantee: 15 days for provision of employment, else
unemployment allowance Upto 100 days in a financial year per household,
depending on the actual demand
 Labour Intensive Works: 60:40 wage and material ratio for permissible
works; no contractors/machinery.
 Decentralized Planning 1. Gram Sabhas to recommend works 2. At least
 Principal role of PRIs in planning, monitoring and implementation
 Work site facilities : drinking water, first aid and shade provided at worksites
 Women empowerment: At least one-third of beneficiaries should be women
 Transparency & Accountability: Proactive disclosure through Social Audits,
Grievance Redressed Mechanism,
 Implementation:- Under Sec 3, States are responsible for providing work in
accordance with the Scheme. Under Sec 4, every state government is required to
make a scheme for providing not less than 100 days of guaranteed employment in a
financial year, to those who demand work
 Funding 1. Central Government -100% of wages for unskilled manual work, 75% of
material cost of the schemes including payment of wages to skilled and semi skilled
workers. 2. State Government- 25% of material including payment of wages to skilled
and semi skilled workers cost. 100% of unemployment allowance by state
government Non Negotiable
 Only Job Card holders to be employed for MGNREGA works
 To provide employment within 15 days of application
 No contractor
 Task to be performed by using manual labour & not machines  Muster rolls to be
maintained on work sites
 Proactive disclosure of information.  Wage payments to be through accounts in
banks/post offices
 Wage material ratio- 60:40
 At least 50% of the works in terms of cost under a Scheme to be implemented
4.
Prime Ministers’ Rozgar
Yojana (PMRY)
introduction
 Prime Minister Employment Yojana for
providing self-Employment to Educated
Unemployed Youth was announced by the
Prime Minister on 15th August, 1993.
 To provide self-employed opportunities to
one million educated unemployed youth in
country.
  The Scheme has been formally launched
on 2nd October, 1993.
Objectives:
 The PMEY has been designed to provide employment to more than a million People by setting up
of 7 lakhs micro enterprises by the educated unemployed youth.
It relates to the setting up of the self-employment ventures through industry, service and business
routes.
 The scheme also seeks to associate reputed non-governmental organizations in implementation
PMEY scheme especially in the selection, training of entrepreneurs and preparation of project
profiles. Criteria for selection:
 Coverage: - Whole of the country since 1994-95.
 Eligibility:- Any unemployed educated person  Age:- 18-40 years (SC/ST-45)
Qualification:- Matric (passed or failed) IIT etc.  Residency: permanent resident of the area at
least for 3 years.
 Family income:- Up to RS.40,00/- per annum  Reservation:-Weaker section, SC/ST: 22.5%, OBC-
27%
Funding Pattern:- Rs. 1.00 lakh for business sector. Rs. 2.00 lakhs for other activities, loan to be
of composite nature. If two or more eligible persons joins together in a partnership, project upto
Rs. 10.00 lakhs are covered. Assistance shall be limited to individual admissibility.
 Project cost up to Rs. 1lakh are covered
 Entrepreneurs contribution is 5 %, loan up to 95%, by bank  Subsidy by GOI @ 15% ceiling limit
Rs.7500/-
 Repayment 3-7 years  Training- compulsory  Implementation agency: District Industry centers,
District level tasks forces.
5.
District Rural Development Agency
(DRDA)
 Objective / purpose:
 The DRDA is the principal organ at the district level to manage and oversee
the implementation of different anti -poverty programmes of the Ministry of
Rural Development.
 It is a supporting and facilitating organization which plays a very effective role
as a catalyst in development process Mission / Vision Statement .
 The objective of the scheme is to strengthen and professionalize the DRDAs so
that they can effectively enhance the quality of implementation.
Brief history
 DRDA Administration Scheme was introduced from 1st April, 1999 under
which the salary and administrative expenses of DRDAs are funded on a 75:25
basis between Centre and State Governments. However, from 2008 - 09 the
funding pattern for N.E. States has been changed from 75: 25 to 90: 10.
 In the case of UTs,the Centre provides entire (100%) funds under the Scheme.
Duties Dealing with all issues related to DRDA policy and all matters, in so far as
it relates to administration of DRDAs. Duties Dealing with all issues related to
DRDA policy and all matters, in so far as it relates to administration of DRDAs.
Main activities / functions
 To formulate policy guidelines for DRDAs
 Release of funds under DRDA Administration
Scheme
 List of services being provided with a brief write –up
on them
 Allocation of funds under DRDA Administration
Scheme
 Organization of Conference of Project Directors of
DRDAs Organizational Structure Diagram at various
levels namely State, directorate, region, district, block
etc. Minister (RD) MOS (RD-PJ) Secretary (RD)
6.
Integrated Watershed Development
Programme (IWDP)
 Introduction
  The Watershed approach has conventionally aimed at treating
degraded lands with the help of low cost and locally accessed
technologies such as in-situ soil and moisture conservation measures,
afforestation etc. and through a participatory approach that seeks to
secure close involvement of the user-communities.
  The broad objective was the promotion of the overall economic
development and improvement of the socio-economic conditions of the
resource poor sections of people inhabiting the programme areas.
  Many projects designed within this approach were, at different points
of time, taken up by the Government of India.
Brief History
 The Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and the Desert Development
Programme (DDP) were brought into the watershed mode in 1987.
 The Integrated Wasteland Development Programme (IWDP) launched in
1989 under the aegis of the National Wasteland Development Board also
aimed at the development of wastelands on watershed basis.
 All these three programmes were brought under the Guidelines for
Watershed Development with effect from 1.4.1995
 Other major programmes now being implemented through this approach are the
National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) and the
Watershed Development in Shifting Cultivation Areas (WDSCA) of the Ministry of
Agriculture (MoA).
 The focus of these programmes has, with the advent of the Department of Land
Resources (DoLR) shifted to the enhancement of the viability and quality of rural
livelihood support systems.
 While the programmes of DoLR are designed to address areas characterized by a
relatively difficult terrain and preponderance of community resources, those of
Ministry of Agriculture are expected to aim at increasing production and enhancing
productivity in cultivated areas largely privately owned.
 While the focus of these programmes may have differed, the common theme that
underpinned their structure has been the basic objective of land and water resource
management for sustainable development of natural resources and community
empowerment.
 The Prof. Hanumantha Rao, Committee, constituted by the Ministry of Rural
Development (MoRD) studied the implementation and impact of the Drought Prone
Areas Programme and the Desert Development Programme all over the country and
recommended a common set of operational guidelines, objectives, strategies and
expenditure norms for watershed development projects integrating the features of the
three programmes under the MoRD.
 Accordingly, the Guidelines for Watershed Development were framed and brought
Objectives
 The objectives of Watershed Development Projects will be: -
 Developing wastelands/degraded lands, drought-prone and desert areas on watershed
basis, keeping in view the capability of land, site-conditions and local needs.
 Promoting the overall economic development and improving the socio-economic
condition of the resource poor and disadvantaged sections inhabiting the programme
areas.
 Mitigating the adverse effects of extreme climatic conditions such as drought and
desertification on crops, human and livestock population for their overall improvement.
 Restoring ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing natural
resources i.e. land, water, vegetative cover.
 Encouraging village community for : Sustained community action for the operation and
maintenance of assets created and further development of the potential of the natural
resources in the watershed.
 Simple, easy and affordable technological solutions and institutional arrangements
that make use of, and build upon, local technical knowledge and available materials.
 Employment generation, poverty alleviation, community empowerment and
development of human and other economic resources of the village.
7.
Providing Urban Amenities in Rural
Area (PURA)
 PURA in the shorter version of Providing Urban amenities in Rural Areas to
tackle the problem of migration of people from rural to urban areas for
employment.
 It is the former President APJ Abdul Kalam, Who has proposed the concept
of PURA in the VISION 2020 project initiated by him.
 Its objective is to make rural areas as attractive as cities are.
 This concept was presented by Dr. Kalam in Indian National Science
Congress’s 90th conference in Chandigarh in January 2004.
 It’s goal and objectives are to provide India new heights and achievements,
developed status and economy.
Some of its major objectives are given below:
1. Providing high cost advanced technology to village.
2. Linking a loop of villages by a ring road about 30 km in circumference
with frequent bus services. That will integrate the population of all
connected village into one market. Then, those villages could become a
virtual city with a potential to expand and accommodate 3-5 lakhs people.
3. Treating rural development as corporate social responsibility.
4. Replacing agriculture by connectivity as the Driving Force of rural
development
5. Rural fund are for investment not for consumption.
6. Industry and services should be given priority in job creation and
employment in farm sector should decrease.
7. Compensation to farmers should be given for the land acquired by an annual
fee equal to twice the price of the produce they grow, not by a lump sum
amount.
8. Land to employers sub-leased for both, Business and for residences for
employee within walking distance. This will solve the problem of commuting
daily to work, a compusion for the city living.
9. Providing same per capita investment to rural areas as cities do.
10. PURA priorities rural development, because ¾ of our population lives in
rural areas, by neglecting them India cannot be a developed nation by 2020.
8.
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh / National
Credit Fund for Women
 Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK), established in 30th March 1993 is a
national level organization as an autonomous body under the aegis of
the Ministry of Women and Child Development, for socio-economic
empowerment of women.
 The operating model currently followed by RMK is that of a facilitating
agency wherein RMK provides loans to NGO-MFIs termed as
Intermediary Organizations (IMO) which on-lend to Self Help Groups
(SHGs) of women.
 In addition, RMK also has appointed nodal agencies and franchisees for
furthering of its objectives of reaching out to the women beneficiaries
with easy access of micro credit for income generating activities.
 RMK extends micro-credit to the women in the informal sector through
a client friendly, without collateral and in a hassle-free manner for
income generation activities.
 RMK has taken a number of promotional measures to popularize the
concept of micro financing, enterprise development, thrift and credit,
formation and strengthening of WomenSHGs through intermediary
organizations
Vision:
 To be a financial service and capacity enhancement
institution for social and economic empowerment of poor
and marginalized women
Mission:
To be a single window facilitator for provision of financial
services with backward and forward linkages for women in
the unorganized sector through Intermediary Micro Finance
Organizations (IMOs) and Women Self Help Groups (SHGs)
and to augment their capacities through multi-pronged
efforts.
Aims & Objectives:
[Link]-economic empowerment through multi-pronged effort
[Link] micro-credit facilities.
[Link] building of IMOs and women beneficiaries
4. To promote or undertake activities for the promotion of or to provide
credit as an instrument of socio- economic change and development
through the provision of a package of financial and social development
services for the development of women.
5. To promote and support schemes for improvement of facilities for credit
for women:- a. for sustenance of their existing employment
b. for generation of further employment
c. for asset creation d. for asset redemption and e. for tiding over
consumption, social and contingent needs
6. To demonstrate and replicate participatory approaches in the
organization of women’s groups for effective utilization of credit resources
leading to self-reliance.
7. To promote and support experiments in the voluntary and formal sector
using innovative methodologies to reach poor women with credit and other
social services.
8. To sensitize existing government delivery mechanisms and increase the
visibility of poor women as a vital and viable clientele with the conventional
institutions.
10. To promote the federation and net working of women’s
organisations for shaping & exchange of experience and
information and to develop skills in response management &
social mobilization.
11. To promote and support the expansion of entrepreneurship
skills among women.
12. To cooperate with and secure the cooperation of the Central
Government, State Governments and Union Territory
Administration, credit institutions, industrial and commercial
organisations and non-governmental, voluntary and other
organisations and bodies in promoting the objects of the Kosh.
13. To accept subscriptions, grants, contributions, donations,
loans, guarantees, gifts, bequests etc. on such terms and
obligations not inconsistent with the aims and objects of the
Kosh, and
14. To do all such lawful acts & things as may be necessary or
conducive for furthering the objects of the Kosh.
9.
Mahila Arthik Vikas
Mahamandal( MAVIM) Mahila Arthik
Vikas
Mahamandal was established on 24th February, 1975
on the occasion of International Women s Year.
 Objectives
 Building organization of women
 Building capacities of women by training
 Building confidence of women
 Building linkage between employment opportunities
and market possibilities.
 Strengthening entrepreneurship among women
 Increase participation of women in decision making
& education