Embedded system(8051 Microcontroller)
Presentation
by
Sanjay Mandawariya
(7th SEM ECE)
WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS?
• An Embedded System is a microprocessor based system that
is embedded a subsystem, in a large system (which may or
not may be a computer system).
• It is embedded as part of a complete device often including
hardware and mechanical parts.
• Embedded systems contain processing cores that are typically
either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP).
• The embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design
engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the
product and increase the reliability and performance.
HISTORY
• Father of Embedded system is Spikes, he used his
first embedded technology in toilets to clean his
back...
• One of the first recognizably modern embedded
systems was the Apollo Guidance Computers
developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT
Instrumentation Laboratory
KEY FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER
• High Integration of Functionality
• Easy to Use
• Field Programmability
• Flexibility
• Some time Microcontroller are also called
single-chip computers
APPLICATIONS
• Telecom (Mobile phone, modems, routers. )
• Automotive application (Braking system, Traction control)
• Domestic application (Security system , television ,washing machines ,
microwave ovens)
• Robotic (Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm)
• Aerospace application (Flight control system, Engine controllers)
• Medical equipment (ECG monitors, Pacemakers, MRI scanners)
• Defense system (Radar systems, Radio system)
• Office Automation (Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers)
8051 Basic Component
4K bytes internal ROM
128 bytes internal RAM
Four 8-bit I/O ports (P0 - P3)
Two 16-bit timers/counters
One serial interface
CPU RAM ROM
A single chip
I/O Serial Microcontroller
Timer COM
Port Port
Block Diagram
External Interrupts
Interrupt 4k 128 bytes Timer 1
Control ROM RAM Timer 2
CPU
OSC Bus
4 I/O Ports Serial
Control
P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD
Addr/Data
Three criteria in Choosing a
Microcontroller
Meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost
effectively
speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports and
timers, size, packaging, power consumption
easy to upgrade
cost per unit
availability of software development tools
assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator, technical
support
wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers
8051 Internal Block Diagram
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
8051 P1.1
P1.2
2
3
39
38
P0.0(AD0
)P0.1(AD1)
Foot Print
P1.3 4 37 P0.2(AD2
P1.4 5 36 )P0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 8051 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 (8031) 32 P0.7(AD7)
10 (8751) 31 EA/VPP
11 (8951) 30 ALE/PROG
12 29 PSEN
13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14
(T1)P3.5 15 26 )P2.5(A13
(WR)P3.6 16 25 )P2.4(A12
(RD)P3.7 17 24 )P2.3(A11
XTAL2 18 23 )P2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)
IMPORTANT PINS (IO Ports)
One of the most useful features of the 8051 is that it contains four I/O ports (P0
- P3)
Port 0 （ pins 32-39 ）： P0 （ P0.0 ～ P0.7 ）
8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
Or acts as a multiplexed low byte address and data bus for external memory design
Port 1 （ pins 1-8 ） ： P1 （ P1.0 ～ P1.7 ）
Only 8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
Port 2 （ pins 21-28 ）： P2 （ P2.0 ～ P2.7 ）
8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
Or high byte of the address bus external for memory design
Port 3 （ pins 10-17 ）： P3 （ P3.0 ～ P3.7 ）
General Purpose I/O
if not using any of the internal peripherals (timers) or external interrupts.
Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction)
Pins of 8051
Vcc （ pin 40 ）： Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
The voltage source is +5V.
GND （ pin 20 ）： ground
XTAL1 & XTAL2 （ pins 19,18 ）： These 2 pins provide external
clock.
PSEN (out pin 29): Program Store Enable, the read signal for external
program memory (active low).
ALE (out pin 30): Address Latch Enable, to latch address outputs at Port0 and Port2
EA (in pin 30): External Access Enable, active low to access external program
memory locations 0 to 4K
RXD,TXD (pin 10,11) : UART pins for serial I/O on Port 3
RST （ pin 9 ）： reset
/EA （ pin 31 ）： external access (“/” means active low)
/PSEN （ pin 29 ）： program store enable(“/” means active low)
Registers
1F
Bank 3
Four Register Banks
Each bank has R0-R7
18 Selectable by psw.2,3
17
Bank 2
10
0F
Bank 1
08
07 R7
06 R6
05 R5
04
03
R4
R3
Bank 0
02 R2
01 R1
00 R0
Special Function Registers
DATA registers
CONTROL registers
Timers
Serial ports
Interrupt system
Analog to Digital converter
Digital to Analog converter
Etc.
8051 CPU Registers
A (Accumulator)
B
PSW (Program Status Word)
SP (Stack Pointer)
PC (Program Counter)
DPTR (Data Pointer)
Used in assembler instructions
Registers
A
B
R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1
R2 PC PC
R3
R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register
R5
R6
R7
Some 8-bit Registers
of the 8051
The 8051
Assembly Language
Overview
• Data transfer instructions
• Addressing modes
• Data processing (arithmetic and logic)
• Program flow instructions
Data Transfer Instructions
• MOV dest, source dest source
• Stack instructions
PUSH byte ; increment stack pointer
;move byte on stack
POP byte ; move from stack to byte
;decrement stack pointer
• Exchange instructions
XCH a, byte ;exchange accumulator and byte
XCHD a, byte ;exchange low nibbles of
;accumulator and byte
Addressing Modes
Immediate Mode – specify data by its value
mov A, #0 ;put 0 in the accumulator
;A = 00000000
mov R4, #11h ;put 11hex in the R4 register
;R4 = 00010001
mov B, #11 ;put 11 decimal in b register
;B = 00001011
Immediate Mode – continue
MOV DPTR,#7521h
MOV DPL,#21H
MOV DPH, #75
Addressing Modes
Register Addressing – either source or destination is one of
CPU register
MOV R0,A
MOV A,R7
ADD A,R4
ADD A,R7
MOV DPTR,#25F5H
MOV R5,DPL
MOV R,DPH
Note that MOV R4,R7 is incorrect
Addressing Modes
Direct Mode – specify data by its 8-bit address
Usually for 30h-7Fh of RAM
Mov a, 70h ; copy contents of RAM at 70h to a
Mov R0,40h ; copy contents of RAM at 70h to a
Mov 56h,a ; put contents of a at 56h to a
Mov 0D0h,a ; put contents of a into PSW
Addressing Modes
Register Indirect – The address of the source or destination is specified in
registers
Uses registers R0 or R1 for 8-bit address:
mov psw, #0 ; use register bank 0
mov r0, #0x3C
mov @r0, #3 ; memory at 3C gets #3
; M[3C] 3
Uses DPTR register for 16-bit addresses:
mov dptr, #0x9000 ; dptr 9000h
movx a, @dptr ; a M[9000]
Register Indexed Mode – source or destination address is the
sum of the base address and the accumulator(Index)
Base address can be DPTR or PC
mov dptr, #4000h
mov a, #5
SFRs Address
B – always direct mode - except in MUL & DIV
0703 8500F0 mov b,00h
0706 8500F0 mov 0f0h,00h
0709 8CF0 mov b,r4
070B 8CF0 mov 0f0h,r4
P0~P3 – are direct address
0704 F580 mov p0,a
0706 F580 mov 80h,a
0708 859080 mov p0,p1
Also other SFRs (pcon, tmod, psw,….)
8051 Instruction Format
immediate addressing
Op code Immediate data
add a,#3dh ;machine code=243d
Direct addressing
op code Immediate data
mov r3,0E8h ;machine code=ABE8
Register indirect addressing
op code
mov a, @Ri ; i = 0 or 1
Relative Addressing
here: sjmp here ;machine code=80FE(FE=-2)
Range = (-128 ~ 127)
Stack(push,pop)
Stack-oriented data transfer
Only one operand (direct addressing)
SP is other operand – register indirect - implied
Direct addressing mode must be used in Push and Pop
mov sp, #0x40 ; Initialize SP
push 0x55 ; SP SP+1, M[SP] M[55]
; M[41] M[55]
pop b ; b M[55]
Exchange Instructions
two way data transfer
XCH a, 30h ; a M[30]
XCH a, R0 ; a R0
XCH a, @R0 ; a M[R0]
XCHD a, R0 ; exchange “digit”
a[7..4] a[3..0] R0[7..4] R0[3..0]
Only 4 bits exchanged
Data Processing Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Logic Instructions
Arithmetic Instructions
Add
Subtract
Increment
Decrement
Multiply
Divide
Decimal adjust
Arithmetic Instructions
ADD Instructions
add a, byte ; a a + byte
addc a, byte ; a a + byte + C
Subtract Instructions
Example:
SUBB A, #0x4F ;A A – 4F – C
Notice that
There is no subtraction WITHOUT borrow.
Therefore, if a subtraction without borrow is desired,
it is necessary to clear the C flag.
Increment and Decrement
The increment and decrement instructions do NOT affect
the C flag.
Notice we can only INCREMENT the data pointer, not
decrement.
Multiply
When multiplying two 8-bit numbers, the size of the maximum product is
16-bits
FF x FF = FE01
(255 x 255 = 65025)
MUL AB ; BA A * B
Note : B gets the High byte, A gets the Low byte
Division
Integer Division
DIV AB ; divide A by B
A Quotient(A/B)
B Remainder(A/B
Decimal Adjust
DA a ; decimal adjust a
Used to facilitate BCD addition.
Adds “6” to either high or low nibble after an addition
to create a valid BCD number.
Example:
mov a, #23h
mov b, #29h
add a, b ; a 23h + 29h = 4Ch (wanted 52)
DA a ; a a + 6 = 52
Logic Instructions
Bitwise logic operations
(AND, OR, XOR, NOT)
Clear
Rotate
Swap
Logic instructions do NOT affect the flags in PSW
Bitwise Logic
ANL AND Examples:
00001111
ORL OR ANL 10101100
XRL XOR 00001100
CPL Complement
00001111
ORL 10101100
10101111
00001111
XRL 10101100
10100011
CPL 10101100
Other Logic Instructions
CLR - clear
RL – rotate left
RLC – rotate left through Carry
RR – rotate right
RRC – rotate right through Carry
SWAP – swap accumulator nibbles
CLR ( Set all bits to 0)
CLR A
CLR byte (direct mode)
CLR Ri (register mode)
CLR @Ri (register indirect mode)
Rotate
Rotate instructions operate only on a
RL a
Mov a,#0xF0 ; a 11110000
RR a ; a 11100001
RR a
Mov a,#0xF0 ; a 11110000
RR a ; a 01111000
Program Flow Control
Unconditional jumps (“go to”)
Conditional jumps
Call and return
Unconditional Jumps
SJMP <rel addr> ; Short jump, relative address is 8-bit 2’s
complement number, so jump can be up to 127 locations forward, or
128 locations back.
LJMP <address 16> ; Long jump
AJMP <address 11> ; Absolute jump to anywhere within 2K block
of program memory
JMP @A + DPTR ; Long indexed jump
Conditional Jump
These instructions cause a jump to occur only if a
condition is true. Otherwise, program execution
continues with the next instruction.
loop: mov a, P1
jz loop ; if a=0, goto loop,
; else goto next instruction
mov b, a
There is no zero flag (z)
Content of A checked for zero on time
Conditional jumps
Call and Return
Call is similar to a jump, but
Call pushes PC on stack before branching
acall <address ll> ; stack PC
; PC address 11 bit
lcall <address 16> ; stack PC
; PC address 16 bit
Return
Return is also similar to a jump, but
Return instruction pops PC from stack to get address to
jump to
ret ; PC stack
What is subroutines?
Subroutines allow us to have "structured"
assembly language programs.
This is useful for breaking a large design into
manageable parts.
It saves code space when subroutines can be
called many times in the same program.
Subroutines
Main: ...
acall sublabel call to the subroutine
...
...
sublabel: ...
...
ret
The subroutine
THANK YOU
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