Data Visualization
Descriptive Statistics and Analytics,
Tabular and Graphical Methods
Data Visualization
Frequency distribution, Bar & Pie
1 Qualitative Data charts, Pareto charts
Frequency Distribution for
2
Quantitative Data Quantitative data
(Histograms)
Data Visualization
3 Stem and Leaf Stem and Leaf Diagrams
4
Contingency Tables Process that classifies data on two
& Scatter Plots dimensions
Grouping graphs and charts in a
5 Graphical Analytics meaningful way
Qualitative Data: What is it
Software names,
Use names to identify restaurant names,
different categories. Brand names, etc…
Summarize numbers
Qualitative data can be of items in each of
summarized using a several non-
frequency distribution overlapping classes
Exercise 1 : Frequency for Qualitative Data
The following represents the raw data on the mobile phone brands owned by
fifty employees at a startup. You are tasked to determine the percentage
frequency for each brand.
Samsung Pixel Apple Apple LG
Pixel Apple Samsung LG Samsung Mobile
Apple LG Pixel Nokia Pixel Phone Brand Frequency
Samsung Pixel Apple Samsung LG Count the LG 8
Apple Samsung Nokia Apple Motorola
Samsung Pixel Samsung LG Samsung
occurrences of Nokia 2
LG Samsung Samsung Apple Pixel each brand in Apple 9
Samsung LG Samsung Motorola Samsung Samsung 19
Pixel Motorola Apple Samsung Motorola
the data Motorola 4
Samsung Samsung Samsung LG Samsung Pixel 8
Sum of Freq. 50
Exercise 1 : Frequency for Qualitative Data
The following represents the raw data on the mobile phone brands owned by
fifty employees at a startup. You are tasked to determine the percentage
frequency for each brand.
n = 50 8/50 =
0.16
Mobile Percent
Mobile Phone Relative Relative Frequency
Phone Brand Frequency Calculate Brand Frequency Frequency (%)
LG 8 LG 8/50 = 0.16 16
Nokia 2 relative
Nokia 2/50 = 0.04 4
Apple 9 frequency Apple 9/50 = 0.18 18
Samsung 19 using the Samsung 19/50 = 0.38 38
Motorola 4 frequencies Motorola 4/50 = 0.08 8
Pixel 8 Pixel 8/50 = 0.16 16
Sum of Freq. 50
Relative frequency = count in subject Percent Frequency = Relative
category/ count in all categories frequency * 100
Qualitative: Relative Frequency
summarizes the proportion of
Relative frequency items in each class (category)
Mobile Percent
Phone Relative Relative Frequency
For each class, divide the Brand Frequency Frequency (%)
LG 8/50 = 0.16 16
frequency of the class by the Nokia 2/50 = 0.04 4
total number of observations Apple
Samsung
9/50 =
19/50 =
0.18
0.38
18
38
Motorola 4/50 = 0.08 8
Pixel 8/50 = 0.16 16
Qualitative Data Representation: Bar Charts
A vertical or horizontal rectangle represents the
frequency for each category
Percent Frequency (%)
40
35
30
Bar Chart
25
20
15
10
0
LG Nokia Apple Samsung Motorola Pixel
Height can be frequency, relative frequency, or percent
frequency
Qualitative Data Representation: Pie Charts
A circular diagram segmented into sections, where the
size of each segment corresponds to its relative
frequency or percentage frequency.
Percent Frequency (%)
Pie Chart LG
Samsung
Nokia
Motorola
Apple
Pixel
16% 16%
8%
4% This Pie chart uses the
18% data from exercise 1
38%
Quantitative Data
Examples of Quantitative Data are
The number of people living in a city The area of a piece of land
The amount of rain that falls in a month The score on a test
The amount of money spent on groceries
And many more things,
The height of a person you can MEASURE.
Quantitative Data: Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is a list of
Classify and
data classes with the count of values count
that belong to each class
Histogram is a great tool for frequency
distribution
Procedure of Constructing a Frequency
Distribution (Histogram)
1
Find the number of Number of classes, K. K =
classes (K) Smallest whole number for
which 2k is greater or equal to
number of observations in the
data
Class Length is largest
2 Find the class length measurement minus the smallest
measurement, divided by K
Constructing a Frequency Distribution
(Histogram)
3
Form nonoverlapping classes of Set
boundaries
equal width of each class
Count the number of data
4
Tally and count points within each class
Use frequency and classes
5 Graph and Histogram constructed to graph
Exercise 2: Histogram
Construct a histogram based on the following data:
Exercise 2: Number of classes
1 Number of classes, K. K = Smallest whole number for which 2 k is
greater or equal to number of observations in the data
Number of data points in this set is 65 (n = 65).
• For K =2, 22 = 4, < 65
• For K =3, 23 = 8, < 65
• For K =4, 24 = 16, < 65 K =7
• For K =5, 25 = 32, < 65
• For K =6, 26 = 64, < 65
• For K =7, 27 = 128, NOT < 65 (stop, you passed the smallest whole
number that is greater than 2k, any further increment of k will
overshoot)
Exercise 2: Class Length
2 Find the Class Length: (Largest – Smallest)/K & Round up
K =7
Find the Class Length: (Largest –
Smallest)/K = (88 – 2)/7 = 12.29, Smallest
Round up to 13
Largest
Exercise 2: Class Length
3
Create non-overlapping classes: Each class starts with lower
boundary and finishes with an upper boundary.
K =7 Class Size =13
First class starts with the
minimum value in the data
First class finished at lower boundary
(above) plus class size 2 + 13 = 15
Exercise 2: Class Length
3
Create non-overlapping classes: Each class starts with lower
boundary and finishes with an upper boundary.
K =7 Class Size =13
Second class starts with the upper
boundary of previous class
Second class finished at lower
boundary plus class size , 15 + 13 =
38
Exercise 2: Class Length
3
Create non-overlapping classes: Each class starts with lower
boundary and finishes with an upper boundary.
K =7 Class Size =13
And So on….
Exercise 2: Tally and Count
4
Tally and Count. Count all the occurrences between the lower
and upper boundaries for each class
Example: Count
K =7 Class Size =13 occurrences
between 80 & 93
in data to the
right 3
occurrences
Exercise 2: Histogram
5 Histogram: Use frequencies to construct a histogram
K =7 Class Size =13
Frequency
16
14
12
10 And So on..
8
6
4
2
0
Cla ss 1 Cla ss 2 Cla ss 3 Cla ss 4 Cla ss 5 Cla ss 6 Cla ss 7
Stem and Leaf Diagrams
See the overall pattern of the data, by grouping the
data into classes
Each leaf represents a
class
Stem and Leaf Diagrams
See the overall pattern of the data, by grouping the data into
classes
Can see variation from one class to Variation
another between
leafs
Can see data concentration and Data
distribution Concentration
Exercise 3 : Stem and Leaf
For the following set of numbers: {0.1 5 0.1 3.1 0.2 0.5 2.8 0.4 0.5 0.3 1.3 0.7 0.9
1 1.2 0.2 5.9 1.3 3.3 1.5 1.3 0.5 1.2 3.4 0.2 5.1 3.9 5.9 8.1 0.1 }, construct a Stem
and Leaf display
First place number in ascending order:
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.8 3.1
3.3 3.4 3.9 5 5.1 5.9 5.9 8.1
Stem is the leading digit ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); Count the occurrences of the said digits
Leaf is the last or lasts digits ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); Count the occurrences of the said digits
Exercise 3 : Stem and Leaf
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 2.8 3.1
3.3 3.4 3.9 5 5.1 5.9 5.9 8.1
Stem is the leading digit ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); Count the occurrences of the said digits
Leaf is the last or lasts digits ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); Count the occurrences of the said digits
Represent 0.1, 0.1, 0.1,
0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5
and so on
Contingency Tables
Investigate possible relationships between variables
Exercise 4: Contingency Tables
Table below is a contingency table built to understand the movie
genre preferences of different age groups.
Movie Genre
Survey 325 people to find
out their preferences
Action Comedy Drama Romance Total
Age Groups
Young
Adult 25 18 12 5 60
Adult 10 22 30 18 80
Middle-
Aged 15 16 35 24 90
Senior 5 12 40 38 95 Sum of columns equal sum
Total 55 68 117 85 325 of rows = 325
Exercise 4: Contingency Tables
Each cell value is called cell
frequency
Movie Genre
Action Comedy Drama Romance Total
Age Groups
Young Row Total provides a
Adult 25 18 12 5 60 frequency
Adult 10 22 30 18 80
Middle-
Aged 15 16 35 24 90
Senior 5 12 40 38 95
By dividing row total by
Total 55 68 117 85 325
the overall total, we get
a relative frequency
Ex. Relative freq. of Young
Adults = 60/325 = 0.18
Scatter Diagrams
Scatter Diagram
A scatter diagram is a graphical 9.00
8.00
representation of data points plotted 7.00
6.00
on a two-dimensional coordinate 5.00
system to visually depict the
4.00
3.00
relationship between two variables.
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Line Plot
9.00
A line plot places a line between 8.00
7.00
each two consecutive points. 6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Graphical Analytics
Recent and old graphical illustrations grouped
together to give an overall visual summary
Cover the following items (could
have more)
Dashboard Gauges Treemaps
Bullet Graph Sparklines
Graphical Analytics: Dashboard
Offers a visual representation displaying both the
present condition and past patterns of crucial
performance metrics.
Graphical Analytics: Gauges
For instance, looking at the
Charts that visually present data in a data below, where we merge
format resembling a speedometer. female and male evaluators to
For this data, a gauge diagram showing the get an average rating for each
magnitude of the ranking of a T-shirt, merchandize at a college store
compared to the maximum possible rating
(10) is below University Store Average
Merchandise Rating
T-shirts 8.02
Orange area conveys low rating, Sweaters 6.79
grey conveys moderate, Mugs 3.32
Pencils 6.31
and yellow is high. Pens 3.37
The pointer is at 8.02 Notebooks 4.62
Key chains 3.71
Graphical Analytics: Bullet Graph
Offers a visual depiction of single
measures grouped side by side
University Store
For instance, looking at the data Merchandise Rating
to the right, we get the bullet T-shirts 7.82
graph below Sweaters 6.25
Rating Mugs 3.32
Key chains
Pencils 5.19
Notebooks Pens 2.41
Pens Notebooks 3.12
Pencils
Mugs
Key chains 4.71
Sweaters
T-shirts
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Graphical Analytics: Treemaps
Display Data in a series of clustered
rectangles For instance, looking at the data to
University Store
the right, we get the treemap below Gender Merchandise Rating
Male T-shirts 7.82
Male Sweaters 6.25
Male Mugs 3.32
Male Pencils 5.19
Male Pens 2.41
Male Notebooks 3.12
Male Key chains 4.71
Female T-shirts 8.22
Female Sweaters 7.34
Female Mugs 3.32
Female Pencils 7.44
Female Pens 4.33
Female Notebooks 6.12
Female Key chains 2.71
Graphical Analytics: Sparklines
Line plots without axes and usually Imagine we know the
evaluation of the 10 individual
embedded in text or tables for each merchandise
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
Gender Merchandise Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator Evaluator
Male T-shirts 7.92 7.72 7.86 7.78 7.96 7.68 7.85 7.79 7.88 7.76
Male Sweaters 6.35 6.28 6.29 6.15 6.31 6.11 6.21 6.22 6.39 6.19
Male Mugs 3.42 3.22 3.26 3.28 3.46 3.18 3.35 3.29 3.38 3.36
Male Pencils 5.16 5.25 5.23 5.15 5.33 5.09 5.22 5.29 5.05 5.13
Male Pens 2.51 2.31 2.27 2.37 2.55 2.45 2.44 2.38 2.47 2.35
Male Notebooks 3.22 3.26 3.16 3.08 3.15 3.02 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.06
Male Key chains 4.81 4.61 4.75 4.57 4.85 4.67 4.74 4.68 4.77 4.65
Female T-shirts 8.32 8.16 8.26 8.18 8.36 8.08 8.25 8.19 8.28 8.12
Female Sweaters 7.44 7.24 7.40 7.30 7.48 7.20 7.37 7.31 7.38 7.28
Female Mugs 3.29 3.22 3.36 3.28 3.46 3.18 3.35 3.42 3.38 3.26
Female Pencils 7.38 7.34 7.48 7.40 7.58 7.30 7.47 7.41 7.50 7.54
Female Pens 4.43 4.23 4.19 4.29 4.47 4.39 4.36 4.30 4.37 4.27
Female Notebooks 5.98 6.02 6.22 6.08 6.26 6.06 6.15 6.09 6.18 6.16
Female Key chains 2.57 2.61 2.75 2.67 2.85 2.81 2.74 2.68 2.77 2.65
Graphical Analytics: Sparklines
Then we need to plot a line diagram for each row (Excel: create cell for each
row and insert line, then drag across rows)
Exercise 5: Dashboard
Based on the data and figures presented in the last eight slides, construct a dashboard.