Types of users
• Database administrator (DBA)
• is responsible for authorizing access to the database, coordinating and
monitoring its use, acquiring hardware and software resources as needed.
• Database designers
• These people are responsible for designing database (tables, fields, data types,
constraints) based on the requirements of the system
Types of users
• End users
• Database primarily exists for their use
• Query (read), update on the Database
• Generate reports by accessing Database
• eg. Bank tellers, Reservation clerks
• Other users
• Application programmers, DBMS system designers, tool developers,
operators and maintenance personnel
Users of DBMS
Levels of Abstraction or Three-Schema architecture:
Three-Schema
architecture
Internal level or internal schema:
• The internal schema uses a physical data
model that describes the complete details of
physical data storage and access strategies.
Three-Schema • It tells us what data is stored in the database
architecture and how.
• Physical Storage structures includes B-
trees, B+ tree and hash tables etc.
• Some of the access strategies are primary
index, single-level index and multilevel
index
Conceptual level or conceptual
schema
• The conceptual level has a conceptual
schema, which describes the structure of
the whole database .
Three-Schema • The conceptual schema hides the details of
architecture physical storage structures and
concentrates on describing entities, data
types, relationships, user operations, and
constraints.
• Usually, a representational data model is
used to describe the conceptual schema
when a database system is implemented.
External level or External View
• The external or view level includes a
number user views.
• The external level is the view that the
Three-Schema individual user of the database has.
architecture • Each external schema describes the part of
the database that a particular user group is
interested in and hides the rest of the
database from that user group.
Data Independence
• Data independence can be defined as the
capacity to change the schema at one level
of a database system without having to
change the schema at the next higher level.
Three-Schema
architecture • We can define two types of data
independence:
1 Physical data independence
2. Logical data independence
Physical data independence:
• Physical data independence is the capacity
to change the internal schema without
having to change the conceptual schema.
Three-Schema • Hence, the external schemas need not be
architecture changed as well.
• Changes to the internal schema may be
needed because some physical files had to
be reorganized-for example, by creating
additional access structures-to improve
the performance of retrieval or update.
Logical data independence
• Logical data independence is the capacity
to change the conceptual schema without
having to change external schema or
Three-Schema application programs.
architecture • We may change the conceptual schema to
expand the database (by adding a record
type or data item), to change constraints,
or to reduce the database (by removing a
record type or data item).
Data Models
• Data model specifies how data is organized in database.
• A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe the
structure of a database.
• Structure of a database means the data types, relationships, and constraints.
Types of Data Models
• Relational Model
• Entity-Relationship Model
• Hierarchical Model
• Network Model
• Object-Oriented Model
Relational Model
• Most commonly used model is the
relational model.
• In this model data is organized as two-
dimensional tables.
Types of Data
Models
• The relational model uses a collection of
tables to represent both data and the
relationships among those data.
• Each table has multiple columns, and each
column has a unique name.
• Each table is called relation.
• Each row is called tuple.
Relational Model
Types of Data
Models
Entity-Relationship Model
• It is used to design database.
• Entity-Relationship model is based on the
notion of real world entities and
relationship among them.
Types of Data
Models
• It is a diagrammatic representation of
database.
• ER Model is based on:
• Entities and their attributes
• Relationships among entities
Entity-Relationship Model
Entity
• An entity in ER Model is a real-world entity, which
has some properties called attributes
• It is a real-world thing about which we want to
Types of Data
Models
maintain data.
• For example, in a school database, a student is
considered an entity. Student has various attributes
like name, age, and class etc.
Hierarchical Model
• A hierarchical data model is a data model in which
the data is organized into a tree-like structure.
• First commercial DBMS is based on this model.
• In the Hierarchical model data is represented as
Types of Data records and the records are organized as a
Models collection of trees.
• The relationships among the data are represented
by links, which can be viewed as pointers.
Network Model
Network Model
• In the Network model data is represented as records and the records are
organized as a collection of arbitrary graphs.
• The relationships among the data are represented by links, which can be
Types of Data viewed as pointers.
Models • In the network model a record can have any number of parent records.
Object-oriented Model
An object database (also object-oriented database
management system, OODBMS) is a
database management system in which information is
represented in the form of objects as used in
object-oriented programming.
Types of Data Object databases are different from relational databases which
Models are table-oriented.
Object-relational databases are a hybrid of both approaches.
Network Model
Types of Data
Models
Schemas, Instances, and Database State
• Database Schema refers to the overall structure of a database.
• The description of a database is called the database schema, which is
specified during database design and is not expected to change
frequently
Schema Diagram:
Student
Course
Teacher
Instance
• The data in the database at a particular moment in time is called instance or database state.
• The distinction between database schema and database state is very important.
Database state:
• At any point in time, the database has a current state.