BASIC
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
USING EXCEL
STATISTICS
It is the study and
manipulation of data,
including ways to gather,
review, analyze, and draw
conclusions from data. The
two major areas of statistics
are descriptive and
inferential.
DESCRIPTI
VE
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
• It is a set of brief descriptive coefficients
that summarize a given data set
representative of an entire or sample
population.
YOU MAY HAVE THE SCORES OF 14
PARTICIPANTS FOR A TEST.
GENERATE THE DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS FOR THESE SCORES.
1. On the Data tab, in the Analysis group, click Data
Analysis.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Mean
• the average of the given numbers and is
calculated by dividing the sum of given
numbers by the total number of numbers.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Standard Error
• It is a statistic that reveals how accurately
sample data represents the whole
population. It measures the accuracy with
which a sample distribution represents a
population by using standard deviation.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Median
• It is the middle number in a sorted
ascending or descending list of numbers and
can be more descriptive of that data set than
the average.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Mode
• the number that occurs most often. A data
set can have one or more modes.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Standard Deviation
• It is a statistic that measures the dispersion
of a dataset relative to its mean and is
calculated as the square root of the variance.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Sample Variance
• measures how spread out the data in a
sample is.
• used to calculate the variability in a given
sample.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Kurtosis
• describes how much of a probability
distribution falls in the tails instead of its
center.
• Positive kurtosis indicates heavier tails and a
more peaked distribution, while negative
kurtosis suggests lighter tails and a flatter
distribution.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Skewness
• is a measure of the asymmetry of a
distribution. A distribution is asymmetrical
when its left and right side are not mirror
images. A distribution can have right (or
positive), left (or negative), or zero
skewness.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Range
• The range in statistics for a given data set
is the difference between the highest and
lowest values.
TO ACTIVATE DATA
ANALYSIS IN EXCEL, YOU
CAN ENABLE THE DATA
ANALYSIS TOOLPAK:
1. Open Excel • If the Analysis Toolpak isn't
listed, you can click Browse
2. Click the File menu to find it. If you're
prompted to install it, click
3. Click Options Yes. Then, quit and restart
Excel.
4. Click the Add-Ins tab
• After enabling the Data
5. Click Go at the bottom of the window Analysis Toolpak, you can
use the Data Analysis
6. Check the box next to Analysis Toolpak command on the Data tab.
7. Click OK
ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE (ANOVA)
ANOVA, or Analysis of Variance, is a test used to determine
differences between research results from three or more
unrelated samples or groups.
ONE-WAY VS. TWO
WAY ANOVA
• A one-way ANOVA uses one
independent variable, while a two-
way ANOVA uses two independent
variables.
ONE-WAY ANOVA
Assume that you have a data of the salaries of people
who have a degree in economics, medicine or history.
PROCEDURE
1. On the Data tab, in the Analysis group, click Data
Analysis.
Note: If the p-value is less than the alpha level selected, reject the Null
Hypothesis.
RESULTS
There are two tables that are shown in the
output: SUMMARY and ANOVA.
HERE’S HOW TO INTERPRET
THE VALUES IN EACH TABLE:
SUMMARY Table:
Groups: The names of the groups
Count: The number of observations in each
group
Sum: The sum of the values in each group
Average: The average value in each group
Variance: The variance of the values in each
group
This table provides us with several useful summary statistics for each group used in the ANOVA.
TO DETERMINE IF THE DIFFERENCES
IN THE GROUP MEANS ARE
STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT WE
MUST REFER TO THE ANOVA TABLE.
ANOVA Table:
REJECTING OR ACCEPTING
THE NULL HYPOTHESIS
SOURCES OF
VARIATION
• Variation can be within group or between groups.
• Between-group differences show how two or more
groups are different, whereas within-group differences
show differences among subjects who are in the same
group.
SUM OF SQUARES
• The sum of squares is a statistical measure of deviation
from the mean.
• It is also known as variation.
• It is calculated by adding together the squared
differences of each data point.
DEGREES OF
FREEDOM
• the number of independent pieces of information used
to calculate a statistic.