Sequential Circuits
SCE 203
Prof. Ahmed Youssef
Synchronous Sequential
Logic
Part 2
2
D Flip-Flop
D Q
Positive edge-triggered
D FF
D Flip-Flop
clk C
• Characteristic equation D Q(t+1)
– Q(t+1) = D 0 0
1 1
Characteristic Table
3
Other Flip-Flops
• D flip-flop is the most common
– since it requires the fewest number of gates to construct.
• Two other widely used flip-flops
– JK flip-flops
– T flip-flops
• JK flip-flops
– Three FF operations
1. Set
2. Reset
3. Complement
4
JK Flip-Flops
Q(t Q(t+1
J K State
) )
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
S R Q
0 0 No change
0 1 0 Reset state
1 0 1 Set state
1 1 Indeterminate 5
JK Flip-Flops
J K Q(t) Q(t+1) State
0 0 0 0
No Change
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
Reset
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
Set
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
Compleme
nt
1 1 1 0
6
JK Flip-Flops
J K Q(t) Q(t+1) State
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
JK Flip-Flops
J K Q(t+1) next state
0 0 Q(t) no change
J Q
0 1 0 Reset
C
1 0 1 Set
K
1 1 Q’(t) Complemen
t
Characteristic Table
KQ(t)
• Characteristic equation J 1
1 1 1
– Q(t+1) = JQ’(t) + K’Q(t)
8
T (Toggle) Flip-Flop
Q(t Q(t+1 Q(t+1
T State
) ) )
0 0 0 No
Q(t) Chang
0 1 1 e
1 0 1
Q’(t) Toggle
1 1 0
9
T (Toggle) Flip-Flop
• Complementing flip-flop
T Q(t+1) next state
T Q 0 Q(t) no change
C 1 Q’(t) Complemen
t
Characteristic Table
• Characteristic equation
– Q(t+1) =
Table 5.1: Flip-Flop Characteristic Tables.
Characteristic equation
Q(t+1) = JQ’(t) + K’Q(t)
Characteristic equation
Q(t+1) = D
Characteristic equation
Q(t+1) = TQ’(t) + T’Q(t)
Q(t+1) =Q(t) T
Excitation table
12
Excitation table (D f/f)
Q(t) Q(t+1) D
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
Excitation table (SR f/f)
Q(t+1
S R
)
No
0 0 Q(t)
change
0 1 0 Reset
1 0 1 Set
Undefine
1 1 ?
d
Q(t) Q(t+1) S R
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Excitation table (SR f/f)
Q(t+1
S R
)
No
0 0 Q(t)
change
0 1 0 Reset
1 0 1 Set
Undefine
1 1 ?
d
Q(t) Q(t+1) S R
NC,
0 0 0 x
Reset
0 1 1 0 Set
1 0 0 1 Reset
1 1 x 0 NC, Set
Excitation table (JK f/f)
Q(t) Q(t+1) J k
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Excitation table (JK f/f)
Q(t) Q(t+1) J k
0 0 0 x NC, Reset
0 1 1 x Set, Complement
Reset,
1 0 x 1
Complement
1 1 x 0 NC, Set
Excitation table (T f/f)
Q(t) Q(t+1) T
0 0 0 NC
0 1 1 C
1 0 1 C
1 1 0 NC
JK Flip Flop using D Flip Flop
J K Q(t) Q(t+1) D
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
JK flip-flop.
T Flip Flop using JK Flip Flop
T Q(t) Q(t+1) J K
0 0 0 0 x
0 1 1 x 0
1 0 1 1 x
1 1 0 x 1
T J Q
J=K =T K
T Flip Flop using D Flip Flop
Q(t+1
T Q(t) D
)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
D Q
T
1 1 0 C
Flip-flop Behavior Example
• Use the characteristic tables to find the output
waveforms for the flip-flop shown:
Clock
D QD
C
Flip-flop Behavior Example
• Use the characteristic tables to find the output
waveforms for the flip-flops shown:
Clock
C
Flip-Flop Behavior Example
• Use the characteristic tables to find the output
waveforms for the flip-flop shown:
Clock
J QJK
C
K
Complete the timing diagram assuming you are
using a negative- edge triggered JK flip flop.