BLOK DIAGRAM
REPRESENTATION
[Link] Shalar
“Outliers are those who have been given
opportunities – and who have had the strength
and presence of mind to seize them.”
Malcolm Gladwell “Outliers”
What is a feedback?
What is a feedback in control system?
If either the output or some part of the output is
returned to the input side and utilized as part of the system
input, then it is know as feedback.
There are two types of feedback:
• Positive feedback
• Negative feedback
Positive Feedback Negative Feedback
The positive feedback adds the reference Negative feedback reduces the error between the
input, and feedback output. The following reference input, and system output. The
figure shows the block diagram of positive following figure shows the block diagram of
feedback control system. the negative feedback control system.
What is a block diagram?
What is a block diagram in control system?
The practical representation of a control system is its block
diagram.
A block diagram is used to represent a control system in diagram
form. Each element of the control system is represented with a block
and the block is the symbolic representation of the transfer function of
that element.
Basic Elements of Block Diagram
The basic elements of a block diagram are a block, the summing point and the take-off point.
Let us consider the block diagram of a closed loop control system as shown in the following figure to
identify these elements.
The above block diagram consists of two blocks having transfer functions G(s)
and H(s). It is also having one summing point and one take-off point. Arrows indicate
the direction of the flow of signals. Let us now discuss these elements one by one.
Block
The transfer function of a component is represented by a block. Block
has single input and single output.
R[s] C[s]
G[S]
A block having input R(s), output C(s) and the transfer function G(s).
Summing Point
The summing point is represented with a circle having cross (X) inside it. It has two or more
inputs and single output. It produces the algebraic sum of the inputs. It also performs the
summation or subtraction or combination of summation and subtraction of the inputs based
on the polarity of the inputs.
Summing point with two inputs (A, B) and one output (Y). Here, the inputs
A and B have a positive sign. So, the summing point produces the output, Y
as sum of A and B.
The following figure shows the summing point with two inputs (A, B) and one output (Y).
Here, the inputs A and B are having opposite signs, i.e., A is having positive sign and B is
having negative sign. So, the summing point produces the output Y as the difference of A
and B.
Y = A + (-B) = A - B.
The following figure shows the summing point with three inputs (A, B, C) and one output (Y).
Here, the inputs A and B are having positive signs and C is having a negative sign. So, the
summing point produces the output Y as
Y = A + B + (−C) = A + B − C.
Take-off Point
The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed through more
than one branch. That means with the help of take-off point, we can apply the same input to
one or more blocks, summing points.
The take-off point is used to connect the same input, R(s) to two more
blocks.
The take-off point is used to connect the output C(s), as one of the inputs to the
summing point.
CONTROL SYSTEM
APPLICATIONS
Liquid Level Control System
Aim of this system:
Controlling the levels of liquid
that flows in a tank.
Type of the system:
Closed loop control system.
Function of the controller within the
system:
to control the valve opening ofthe inflow
of the fluid to ensure that the
water levels remain at the suitable level
in order to avoid shortages and overflow
in case of excess of supply.
How does it work?
• The operation of the valve at input will always be activated according
to the errors from the difference between the set point and the
reading from the liquid level detection. The controller will act to ensure
the valve is closed if the reading sensor shows that it is at the maximum level.
On the other hand, the valve will be opened if the sensor is unable to detect
the existence of the fluid.
Block
Diagram
Block
Diagram
Room Temperature Control
System
Aim of this system:
• controlling the temperature
• in a room or space.
Type of the system:
• Closed loop control system.