CHAPTER 2
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
Mr. Yousif Ibrahim
+249907050349
+2011574277281
Fossil fuel formation
Fossil fuels: carbon-based fuels, formed over many
millions of years ago from the decay of living
matter.
Coal: formed from plants.
Oil and natural gas: formed from sea creatures.
:Formation of coal
• Huge forests grew millions of years ago covering most of the Earth.
• The vegetation died and formed peat.
• The peat was compressed between layers of sediments to form lignite (low-grade coal).
• Further compression formed coal.
Formation of oil and natural gas
Small animals and plants die and fall to the bottom of the sea.
Their remains are covered by sediments.
As the sediments start forming layers, they start to change into
sandstone as the temperature and pressure increase.
The heat and pressure turn the remains into crude oil and natural
gas.
They separate and rise through the sandstone, filling in the pores.
The rock above the oil and gas is impervious (non-porous).
Energy resources and the generation of
electricity
The demand for energy is increasing worldwide due to:
Increasing population size.
Increasing industrialization and urbanization.
Improvements in standards of living and expectations.
:Types of energy sources
NON-RENEWABLE RENEWABLE
Limited. Can be used over and over
again.
Take millions of years to get Can be replenished in a short
replenished. period of time.
•Fossil fuels (coal, oil and •Geothermal power;
natural gas); • Hydro -electric power;
• Nuclear power (using • Tidal power;
uranium). • Wave power;
• Wind power;
• Solar power;
• Biofuels e.g. bioethanol,
biogas and wood.
How energy sources are used to generate
:electricity
Fossil Fuels and Biofuels:
Biofuel vs Fossil Fuel
:Nuclear Power
Uranium, a radioactive element, releases huge amounts of energy
when nuclear fission (splitting of the atom) occurs.
This energy is used to heat the water, produce steam, and rotate the
turbines.
:Geothermal Power
Cold water is pumped under pressure into a layer of hot rocks.
The rocks heat the water.
The hot water returns to the surface under pressure and heats
the second supply of water using a heat exchanger.
The steam produced in the second supply moves the turbine
:Geothermal Power
:Wind Power
Wind turbines have shafts (blades) that rotate due to wind.
Gearbox maximises the rotation of the shaft.
Brakes slow down or stop the rotor in very windy conditions,
preventing damage to the blade.
As the turbine rotates, the generator produces electricity.
:Wind Power
:Solar Power
Uses photovoltaic cells that produce a small electric charge when
exposed to light.
A bank of cells organised into solar panels produce a significant
amount of electricity.
:Tidal Power
Uses the natural rise and fall in the level of water in an area.
When the levels drop, water is held back by a tidal barrage /small
dam that releases water back through a turbine).
:Wave power
Also uses turbine and generator.
Uses the smaller differences in water levels that are caused by wind.
:Hydro-electric Power
Uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir
Water is released from the reservoir that flows through the turbine,
rotating it.
The turbine then activates a generator that generates electricity.
:Hydro-electric Power
:Advantages of Fossil Fuels
ADVANTAGES:
Plentiful supply
Provides job opportunities (mining and processing)
The technology used is well-known and the methods of extraction are
well-practiced.
Easy to transport and store
Cheap
:DISADVANTAGES
Carbon dioxide and toxic gases are released when burnt
(contributes to global warming).
• Damages local area.
Limited supply (non-renewable).
Lowering biodiversity
Destroying habitats
Biofuels Advantages and
desadvantages
ADVANTAGES:
Renewable source
Growing more plants uses carbon dioxide.
Plentiful supply
DISADVANTAGES:
Carbon dioxide and toxic gases are released when burnt.
Lot of land needed
Shortage of land for agriculture (increase in food prices).
Removal of natural ecosystems (reduction in biodiversity).
:Nuclear Power
ADVANTAGES:
Does not produce carbon dioxide.
Large amount of energy is produced with a small amount of fuel.
Provides job opportunities.
It doesn’t need special physical conditions
:Nuclear Power
DISADVANTAGES:
Risk of radiation leakage.
Radioactive waste cannot be recycled since it is active for centuries;
Limited supply (non-renewable).
Radioactive waste
Expensive
:Geothermal Power
ADVANTAGES:
Does not produce carbon dioxide (doesn’t contribute to global
warming).
Unlimited supply (renewable).
DISADVANTAGES:
Expensive to install.
Only certain areas have suitable conditions.
:Wind Power
ADVANTAGES:
Does not produce carbon dioxide (doesn’t contribute to global warming).
Renewable.
Very low cost once built
DISADVANTAGES:
Generation of electricity is weather-dependent. • Only certain locations are
suitable;
Visual impact.
Uses a large area.
:Solar Power
ADVANTAGES:
Does not produce carbon dioxide (doesn’t contribute to global
warming).
Renewable
DISADVANTAGES:
Weather-dependent.
Costly to build
Toxic
:Tidal Power
ADVANTAGES:
Does not produce carbon dioxide ؞doesn’t contribute to global
warming.
Tidal movements are not weather-dependent.
Renewable
.DISADVANTAGES:
Limited to specific coastal areas
Impact on tourism and local fishermen.
:Wave Power
ADVANTAGES:
Does not produce carbon dioxide (doesn’t contribute to global
warming).
Renewable.
DISADVANTAGES:
Limited to specific areas.
Not very efficient at present.
:Hydro-electric Power
ADVANTAGES:
Does not produce carbon dioxide (doesn’t contribute to global
warming).
Water can be reused
Running expenses are very lwo
DISADVANTAGES:
Loss of habitat
Lowering biodiversity
Dams impact the natural flow of water. Villages and ecosystems may be
destroyed
Energy demand
Domestic demand:
The impact of more efficient manufacturing process has meant
that many goods have become more affordable.
Created by affordability, availability and social status.
Most of the purchases that are considered as necessities now
increase the demand for energy supplies, notably electricity.
Energy demand
Industrial Demand
Manufacturing requires the use of large amounts of energy
throughout the production e.g. iron and steel production.
Advanced manufacturing techniques made the products that were
once luxury items, cheaper.
So, more people want to buy them.
The demand for the product increases.
The demand for energy (needed for production) also increases.
Energy demand
Transport:
Manufacturers supply customers across the globe.
This decreases production costs in countries that import, but
increases the transport costs as they require large amounts of fossil
fuels to operate.
There has been a significant increase in the amount of shipping and
air transport journeys.
Economic factors:
Personal and national wealth:
If economic conditions are good:
Higher employment
More money to spend on luxury items;
Increase in demand for the product;
Increase in demand for energy (for production).
If economic conditions are poor:
Families have less money to spend on luxury items;
Need to make savings;
Reduce the use of fuel;
Reduce the purchase and use of electrical items.
Decrease in the demand for energy.
:Climate
The demand for energy with regard to climate depends on the country.
People living in a temperate climate are likely to experience colder winters, so
the energy demand for heating would be far higher.
They also experience fewer hours of daylight.
This increases the usage of electrical lighting.
Climate change (excessive heat or cold) increased the energy consumption
(particularly in urban areas).
Need for additional heating or Installation and operation of airconditioning
units.
Conservation and management of
energy sources
Strategies for the efficient management of energy resources:
Reducing consumption: Use insulation materials with good insulation properties
to prevent heat loss in buildings.
Double glazing: using two panes of glass with a gap in the middle to act as an
insulator. The gap is often filled with air or inert gas (e.g., argon).
Turning off electrical devices when not in use.
Purchasing more energy-efficient devices.
Developing alternative fuels for vehicles and improving engine technology.
Removing inefficient machines from use.
Public transportation
Education
Energy from waste
Impact of oil pollution
Main causes of marine oil spills:
Offshore oil extraction: leakage from the rigs.
Oil pipelines: leaks in the oil pipework.
Shipping: risk of collision or damage to oil tankers.
Impact of oil pollution
PHYTOPLANKTON - Oil floats on the surface of the water and blocks
the sunlight from entering. The phytoplankton can't photosynthesize,
.so they die
FISH - Shortage of food; reduction in phytoplankton.
BIRDS - Shortage of food as fish and other creatures die. –
MAMMALS - Food sources are depleted. - Mammals may also swallow
oil while feeding (toxic).
REEFS - Complete devastation of the reef due to lack of oxygen
(species die).
BEACHES - Oil (washed by tides) coats rocks. - Organisms in shallow
water and rock pools may die due to toxic effects of the oil. -
Management of oil pollution
: Reducing oil spills in marine environment
increased use of GPS and development of more clearly defined
shipping routes to reduce risk of collision
Use of double hulled oil tanks can reduce oil spills .
MARPOL were all tankers must be certified to show they have
appropriate system in use Minimizing
The impact of oil spills :
use of floating booms which are floating barriers that are used to trap
oil slick
Detergent sprays help break down the oil slick into smaller droplets.
Skimmers removes oil from seawater surface which is then scrapped
of into a container