BCSE305L-EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DESIGN
MODULE-1
Embedded Systems
MODULE - 1 BCSE305L – EMBEDDED SYSTEM 1
MODULE-1
Embedded • Characteristics of embedded
System systems, general purpose,
customized, application specific
Product processors, Embedded product
Development development cycle.
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EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
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WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
Embedded = Hardwa + Softwa
system re re
Designed for specific purpose
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and
software, designed for a specific function or functions within a larger
system.
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WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
S/W H/W
Embedded System
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Embedded system in daily life….
Wake up… Washing… Breakfast…
Car… Traffic
Elevator..
lights…
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Inside a classroom…
Smart watch… Calculator… Projector…
Mobile phone…
Smart Wireless
shoe… mic…
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Back home…..
Set top
Smart TV… Headphones…
box...
Digital Camera… Printer… CCTV…
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM – BLOCK
DIAGRAM
User
(For Interface
optical mouse)
Control Unit
Input Output
Devices
(Analog/Digital Devices
(Actuators,
sensors, Buzzer,
Keypad, switches Display devices
etc.,)
µp / µC etc.,)
Communication
Devices
(Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi
module etc.,)
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM - EXAMPLES
PURPOSE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
❑ Each embedded system is designed to serve the
purpose of any one or combinations of following
task:
⮚ Data collection / storage / representation
⮚ Data communication
⮚ Data (signal) processing
⮚ Monitoring
⮚ Controlling
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM - EXAMPLES
MAJOR APPLICATION DOMAINS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
❑ Home Appliances
❑ Industrial
❑ Consumer Electronics
❑ Business
❑ Home Automation /
❑ Retail
Security
❑ Communications
❑ Computer components
❑ Avionics
❑ Automotive
❑ Banking
❑ Health care
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CHARACTERISTICS
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CHARACTERISTICS
❑ Dedicated to specific tasks.
❑ Supported by a wide array of processors and
processor architectures.
❑ Usually cost sensitive.
❑ Real-time constraints.
❑ Require specialized tools and methods.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CHARACTERISTICS
❑ Software failure is much more severe.
❑ Power & memory constraints.
❑ Operate under extreme environmental conditions.
❑ Fewer system resources.
❑ Real Time Operating System
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WHY IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DIFFERENT?
❑ Complex algorithms – (Automotive Engine ECU)
❑ User interface – (GPS)
❑ Real time – (ABS)
❑ Multirate – (Multimedia Application)
❑ Manufacturing cost – (Mobile Phone)
❑ Power and energy – (Data Logger)
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GENERAL PURPOSE vs EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
S. GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTING
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
NO. SYSTEM
A system which is a combination of
A system which is a combination of special
generic hardware and general purpose
1 purpose hardware and embedded OS for
operating system for executing vaerity of
executing a specific set of application
applications
Contains General Purpose Operating May or may not contain operating system for
2
System (GPOS) function
The firmware of the embedded system is pre-
3 Applications can be modified by user programmed and it is non-modifiable by the
end user
Performance is a key deciding factor in Application specific requirements (like
4 the selection of the system. Always performance, power, memory, cost) are key
“Faster is better”. deciding factor
Execution behavior is deterministic for
Need not to be deterministic in execution certain type of system like “hard real time
5
behavior systems”
(Missile guidance or airbag system)
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6-1 Personal computer, Laptops DVD player, Digital camera 16
EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
GENERATION
COMPLEXITY & PERFORMANCE
EXECUTION BEHAVIOUR
TRIGGERING
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON GENERATION
❑ First Generation:
- build around 4-bit and 8-bit processor like
8085, Z80
- Simple hardware & firmware developed in
assembly code
- Ex: Digital telephone keypads, calculator etc.,
❑ Second Generation:
- build around 8-bit and 16-bit processor
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON GENERATION
❑ Third Generation:
- build around 16-bit and 32-bit processor
- application specific processor DSP & ASIC were
introduced
- complex and powerful instruction set with
pipelining
- dedicated embedded real-time OS entered into
market
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON GENERATION
❑ Fourth Generation:
- advent of SOC, reconfigurable & multicore
processors
- high performance, tight integration and
miniaturization µP
- High performance RTOS for functioning
- Ex: smart phone, PDA etc.,
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON COMPLEXITY AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
❑ Small-scale:
- simple in application needs
- performance requirements are not time critical
- build around low cost & low performance 8 or
16-bit µp /µC
- Ex: Electronic toys, digital multimeters etc.,
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON COMPLEXITY AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
❑ Medium-scale:
- slightly complex in hardware & software
requirements
- build on medium performance & low cost
16/32-bit µp /µC
- usually contains embedded operating system
- Ex: DVD players, network routers etc.,
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON COMPLEXITY AND SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
❑ Large-scale:
- highly complex hardware and software
requirement
- employed in mission critical application
demanding high performance
- build around high performance 32 or 64-bit
µp /µC or SOC or PLDs or multi-core processors
- may contain complex high performance RTOS
- Ex: Missile navigation system, MRI scanner, ABS
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM -
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON EXECUTION BEHAVIOUR
❑ Deterministic:
- Real-time systems
- Non Real-time systems
❑ Triggering mechanism:
- event triggered
- time triggered
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WHAT IS MICROPROCESSOR?
It is a central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated
circuit (IC) chip containing millions of very small components
including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
Examples: 8085, 8086, Intel i series, AMD, ARM, Qualcomm
Snapdragon
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WHAT IS THE FIRST
MICROPROCESSOR?
History behind first microprocessor?
Intel 4004 ⮚ 1969: The assignment - Nippon Calculating
Machine Corporation approached Intel to design 12
custom chips for its new Busicom 141-PF* printing
calculator.
⮚ The Intel solution - lntel designed a set of four
chips known as the MCS-4. It included CPU(4004),
Shift registers(4003) RAM(4002), ROM(4001)
⮚ 1971: Era of integrated electronics - Intel
purchased the rights from Nippon Calculating
Machine Corporation and launched the Intel 4004
processor and its chipset with an advertisement in
the November 15, 1971
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APPLICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSOR
❖ Laptop
❖ Servers
❖ Networking devices
❖ Desktops
❖ Mobile phones
❖ Games machine
❖ Thin clients
❖ Military applications
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WHAT IS MICROCONTROLLER?
❖ A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern a specific operation in an embedded system.
❖ A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and
input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
Examples: Intel 8051, PIC 16F877, AVR32, ARM LPC2148
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COMMONLY USED
MICROCONTROLLER
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MP vs MC
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WHY MICROCONTROLLERS IN
ES?
Most of the embedded system uses Microcontrollers than
Microprocessor !!!
Less
Small design
size time
Low cost Highly
reliable
Easy to Low
program power
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APPLICATIONS OF
MICROCONTROLLER
❖ Automotive
❖ Medical electronics
❖ Robotics
❖ Consumer electronics
❖ Security (e-commerce, smart cards)
❖ Industrial automation systems
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CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSORS
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
BASIC REQUIRMENTS
1. High Performance
2. Low Power
Consumption
3. Low Cost
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
GENERAL PURPOSE PROCESSOR (GPP)
❑ Programmable device used in a variety of
Applications
❑ GPP are designed to perform multiple tasks
❑ The system designer only needs to program the
processor’s memory to carry out the required
functionality
❑ Biggest advantage of such system is the flexibility
❑ GPP lack high performance that a certain task
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
GENERAL PURPOSE PROCESSOR (GPP)
❑ Advantages:
❑ easy to design and use
❑ design time & cost is low
❑ reprogrammability
❑ Disadvantages:
❑ performance is not very good
❑ size is high
❑ they consume much power
❑ Intel “Pentium” is the most well-known example
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION SPECIFIC PROCESSORS (ASP)
❑ ASPs emerged as a solution for high performance
and cost-effective processors.
❑ This processor is designed to execute exactly one
program
❑ Contains only the components needed to execute a
single program
❑ An embedded designer creates a single-purpose
processor by designing a custom digital circuit
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION SPECIFIC PROCESSORS (ASP)
❑ Advantages:
❑ performance is very good
❑ small size (exact to fit one solution)
❑ they consume little power
❑ Disadvantages:
❑ not very easy to design and design time is thus
high
❑ design cost is thus higher
❑ reprogramming is difficult
❑ limited flexibility: not easy to make changes,
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION SPECIFIC PROCESSORS (ASP) - CLASSIFICATIONS
❑ Digital Signal Processor (DSP): Programmable
microprocessor for extensive real-time mathematical
computations.
❑ Application Specific Instruction Set Processors
(ASIP): Programmable microprocessor where
hardware and instruction set are designed together
for one special application.
❑ Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC):
Algorithm completely implemented in hardware.
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS (DSP)
❑ DSPs are specialized microprocessors optimized for
the need of performing digital signal processing.
❑ DSP gained their importance with the increased
demand on data intensive applications such as video
and internet browsing on mobile devices.
❑ The digital signal processors satisfy the need for
powerful processor while maintaining low cost and
low power consumption.
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS (DSP)
❑ DSP Architecture Features:
▪ Memory architecture designed for streaming data,
using DMA extensively
▪ Deliberate exclusion of a memory management unit
(MMU)
▪ Bit-reversed addressing, a special addressing mode
useful for calculating FFTs
▪ Special arithmetic operations, such as fast multiply–
accumulates (MACs)
▪ Separate program and data memories (Harvard
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION SET PROCESSORS (ASIP)
❑ ASIP is typically a programmable architecture that is
designed in a specific way to perform certain tasks
more efficiently
❑ As the name suggests, the Instruction set seems to
be the core characteristic of any ASIP based
platform; but this is entirely not true.
❑ Considering a whole platform, other very important
attributes like interfaces and micro-architecture do
contribute a lot to the overall system performance.
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION SET PROCESSORS (ASIP)
❑ The term “Application” in ASIP is not necessarily
related to software applications, it actually describe
the class of tasks the ASIP platform was designed to
efficiently accomplish
❑ This extra efficiency is not exclusively associated
with faster performance.
❑ Other factors like reduced production costs,
simplified manufacturing process and less power
consumption can all be considered efficiency
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ASIC)
❑ ASIC is basically an integrated circuit designed and
used by a single company in a specific system.
❑ Example: An IC designed for a specific line of cellular
phones of a company, whereby no other company
can use it
❑ They are incredibly expensive, time-consuming, and
resource-intensive to develop
❑ But extremely high performance coupled with low
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ASIC)
❑ Full-custom: entirely tailor-fitted to a particular
application from the very start
❑ Semi-custom: designed to allow a certain degree of
modification during the manufacturing process.
❑ Structured: built from a group of 'platform slices',
with a 'platform slice' being defined as a pre-
manufactured device, system, or logic for that
platform.
❑ Gate-array: ASIC are transistors which are predefined
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ASIC)
❑ Applications of ASIC:
⮚ An IC that encodes and decodes digital data using
a proprietary encoding/decoding algorithm.
⮚ A medical IC designed to monitor a specific human
biometric parameter.
⮚ An amplifier IC designed to meet certain
specifications not available in standard amplifier
products.
⮚ An IC that's custom-made for a particular
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLICATION-SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ASIC) - EXAMPLE
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
Compares the Processors Performance vs. Their Flexibility
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
Different Approaches for Building Embedded System
GPP ASIP ASIC
Performance Low High Very High
Flexibility Excellent Good Poor
HW Design None Large Very Large
SW Design Small Large None
Power Large Medium Small
Reuse Excellent Good Poor
Market Very Large Relatively Large Small
Cost Mainly on SW SOC Volume sensitive
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
SYSTEM ON CHIP (SoC)
❑ SoC is an integrated circuit (IC) that takes a single
platform and integrates an entire electronic system
onto it. It is, exactly as its name suggests, an entire
system on a single chip.
❑ SoC contains one or more processor cores —
microprocessors (MPUs) and/or microcontrollers
(MCUs) and/or digital signal processors (DSPs) —
along with on-chip memory, hardware accelerator
functions, peripheral functions etc.,
❑ SoC can perform a variety of functions including
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
SYSTEM ON CHIP (SoC) – EXAMPLE
What's Inside a Smartphone?
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
SYSTEM ON CHIP (SoC) – EXAMPLE REDMI NOTE 4 (CPU-Z APP)
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DESIGN LIFE CYCLE
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
Ref. “Embedded Systems Design: An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and
Techniques” by Arnold S. Berger
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
PHASE-1: PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
❑ Objective: capture a formal description of the
complete system
❑ Transforming the customer’s wishes into the final
product
❑ Customer Research Tour
❑ Sales and Marketing Department take the lead.
❑ R&D are not allowed(in general)
❑ Help to arrive a common Vision of the Product
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
PHASE-2: HARDWARE & SOFTWARE PARTITIONING
❑ Objective: To decide which Portion in H/W and which
in S/W.
❑ Example, FPU (H/W) faster, Floating Point (S/W)
slower.
❑ partitioning decision is a complex optimization
problem
❑ Choice of CPU impacts the partitioning decision
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
PHASE-3: ITERATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
❑ Objective: Perform initial design before the detailed
implementation
❑ Final stage before H/W and S/W team stop
communication
❑ Hardware designers might be using simulation tools
❑ Software designers running code on single-board
computers that use the target micro processor
❑ The Design can be extended in H/W or S/W according
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
PHASE-4: DETAILED HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN
❑ Objective: Getting the hardware and software done
for the next phase
❑ S/W embedded developer must understand about
execution environment, development tools, and run-
time package.
❑ H/W embedded systems developer must understand
about,
⮚ Memory usage.
⮚ System startup
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
PHASE-5: HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTEGRATION
❑ Objective: To integrate both H/W and S/W to carryout
testing
❑ This stage require special tools and methods to
manage the complexity.
❑ Helps perform debugging and identify errors, Also
discover whether S/W team understood the H/W
description.
❑ Example, Big Endian/Little Endian problem
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
PHASE-6: PRODUCT TESTING AND RELEASE
❑ Objective : Verify designed system meet its
requirement or not also ensure software doesn’t
crash at a critical moment
❑ Testing & reliability requirements-more stringent in
embedded
❑ Testing must determine whether the system is
performing close to its optimal capabilities
❑ Who does the testing? Not the designer
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN LIFE
CYCLE
PHASE-7: MAINTAINING AND UPGRADING EXISTING PRODUCTS
❑ Objective: To maintain and add additional features
on the existing product design
❑ Carried out by non-members of the original design
team for a particular product
❑ Experience, skills, the existing documentation, and
the old product to understand the original design
well enough to maintain and improve it.
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