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Bridge Rectifier & Capacitor Filter Guide

The document discusses the bridge rectifier, which converts AC voltage to DC using four diodes in a bridge configuration, providing full-wave rectification. It also covers the capacitor filter circuit that reduces ripple in the output, the ripple factor which measures AC content in the output, and the efficiency of the rectifier. Advantages include no need for a center-tapped transformer and low ripple factor, while disadvantages include the requirement for four diodes and increased cost due to the capacitor.

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13 views11 pages

Bridge Rectifier & Capacitor Filter Guide

The document discusses the bridge rectifier, which converts AC voltage to DC using four diodes in a bridge configuration, providing full-wave rectification. It also covers the capacitor filter circuit that reduces ripple in the output, the ripple factor which measures AC content in the output, and the efficiency of the rectifier. Advantages include no need for a center-tapped transformer and low ripple factor, while disadvantages include the requirement for four diodes and increased cost due to the capacitor.

Uploaded by

ankitagvanki
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

BRIDGE RECTIFIER AND

CAPACITOR FILTER CIRCUIT-


RIPPLE FACTOR AND EFFICIENCY

CONTENT:
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 RIPPLE FACTOR
 RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY
 CAPACITOR FILTER CIRCUIT
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
 A bridge rectifier is an electronic circuit used to convert AC voltage
into DC voltage. It consists of four diodes connected in a bridge
configuration.

 It provides full-wave rectification, using both half cycles of the AC


input. The output current flows through the load in the same direction
during both half cycles.

 It does not require a center-tapped transformer.

 It produces a pulsating DC output which can be smoothed using


filters.
AC Input Terminal:
Top left terminal → AC input (–)
Bottom left terminal → AC input (+)

Bridge Network (Diodes):


•D₁ → Diode 1
•D₂ → Diode 2
•D₃ → Diode 3
•D₄ → Diode 4

Load:
•Rᴸ → Load Resistance
+ terminal of Rᴸ → Connected to point
D
– terminal of Rᴸ → Connected to point
C BRIDGE RECTIFIER
DC Output Side:
•DC Output → Taken across C and D
•C (–) → Negative DC output
•D (+) → Positive DC output

Current Direction (during


conduction):
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Positive half cycle of AC input:
• During the positive half cycle, the upper AC terminal is negative
and the lower AC terminal is positive as shown in the diagram.
• Diodes D₂ and D₄ become forward biased.
• Diodes D₁ and D₃ become reverse biased.
• Hence, current through the load flows from D to C.

Negative half cycle of AC input:


• During the negative half cycle, the upper AC terminal becomes
positive and the lower AC terminal becomes negative.
• Diodes D₁ and D₃ become forward biased.
• Diodes D₂ and D₄ become reverse biased.
• Hence, current through the load flows from D to C.
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
CAPACITOR FILTER CIRCUIT

• PURPOSE
• THE CAPACITOR FILTER IS USED TO REDUCE RIPPLES IN THE RECTIFIED
OUTPUT AND OBTAIN A SMOOTHER DC VOLTAGE.
WORKING PRINCIPLE

•During peak voltage, the capacitor charges to maximum value


•When input voltage decreases, capacitor discharges slowly through RL
•This maintains voltage across the load
•Result → Reduced ripple, smoother DC output
RIPPLE FACTOR
• Ripple factor is the measure of AC content present in the rectifier output.

• Ripple factor of bridge rectifier with capacitor filter

Where:
• = Frequency of AC supply
• = Load resistance
• = Capacitance
• Ripple voltage depends on discharge of capacitor

• Higher C, higher RL, and higher f → less ripple

• Hence ripple factor is inversely proportional to ,C

• Increasing capacitance reduces ripple


RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY

Rectifier efficiency is the ratio of DC power output to AC power


input.

Efficiency of bridge rectifier:


For an ideal bridge rectifier
ADVANTAGES OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:
• NO CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER REQUIRED
• LOW RIPPLE FACTOR
• SMOOTH DC OUTPUT

DISADVANTAGES:
• REQUIRES FOUR DIODES
• MORE POWER LOSS DUE TO TWO CONDUCTING DIODES PER HALF CYCLE
• CAPACITOR INCREASES COST AND SIZE

APPLICATIONS:
• BATTERY CHARGERS
• ELECTRONIC DEVICES
• AUDIO AND COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS

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