BBPED 51 ANATOMY
Group 1130 min Middle School Grades: 6 - 8 CCSS, NGSS
CELL
Basic structures and functions
of all living creatures
WHAT IS CELL?
Cells are the basic building blocks of
all living things. The human body is
composed of trillions of cells. They
provide structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert those
nutrients into energy, and carry out
specialized functions.
It was the English scientist Robert
Hooke who discovered and named
cells in 1665 after observing dead
plant cells in cork under a
microscope, which he likened to
small rooms and called "cells".
The Cell Theory
The Cell Theory
Proposed by Matthais Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann in 1839:
– Every cell is unique
“the lower plants all consist of one cell, while
the higher ones are composed of (many)
individual cells.”
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
German botanist and co-founder of cell theory
Cells are the “elementary particles of organisms”
in both plants and animals and recognized that
some organisms are unicellular and others
multicellular.”
Theodor Schwann
German physiologist
Types of Cells
Cells are similar to factories with
different laborers and departments
that work towards a common
objective. There are various types of
cells perform different functions.
Based on cellular structure, there are
two types of cells:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells is complex larger type of cell
that includes a membrane-bound nucleus
containing DNA, as well as other internal
membrane-bound organelles like Golgi
apparatus, which perform specialized
functions.
It also contains organelles including
mitochondria, which provide energy for cell
functions, chloroplasts, which in plants
create sugars by photosynthesis, and
ribosomes, which synthesis proteins.
Prokaryotic cells
A prokaryotic cell is a type of cell that
lacks a nucleus and other membrane-
bound organelles yet it have a
nucleoid region. Prokaryotes are
single-celled organisms.
These cells are found in organisms
belonging to the domains Bacteria and
Archaea, and are generally smaller and
simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells .
Comparison of features of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Typical organisms bacteria, archaea protists, algae, fungi, plants,
animals
Typical size ~ 1–5 μm[17] ~ 10–100 μm[17]
DNA In nucleoid region In nucleus with double membrane
Chromosomes Single, usually circular Multiple paired linear
chromosomes with histone
proteins
RNA/Protein synthesis coupled in the cytoplasm RNA synthesis in the nucleus
protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40s
Cytoplasmic structure Microcompartments with proteins, Endomembrane system,
cytoskeleton cytoskeleton
Cell movement Flagella Flagella and cilia; lamellipodia and
filopodia
Mitochondria None One to several thousand
Chloroplasts None In algae and plants
Organization Single cells, colonies, biofilms Single cells, colonies, multicellular
organisms with specialized cells
Cell division Binary fission (simple division) Mitosis (fission or budding)
meiosis
Membranes Cell membrane Cell membrane and membrane-
bound organelles
Characteristics of Cells
Following are the various essential characteristics of cells:
• Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
• The cell interior is organized into different individual organelles
surrounded by a separate membrane.
• The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for
reproduction and cell growth.
• Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the
cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly
responsible for the energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.
• Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal
organization of the cell by synthesizing selective molecules and
processing, directing and sorting them to their appropriate locations.
Basic features of
cells
[Link] Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
[Link]
[Link] Material (DNA & RNA)
[Link]
Cell Membrane
(Plasma
Membrane)
• A thin, flexible barrier
around the cell.
• Controls what enters and
leaves the cell (selectively
permeable).
Cytoplasm
A jelly-like fluid inside
the cell.
Contains organelles
(in eukaryotes) and is
the site of many
chemical reactions.
Genetic Material (DNA or RNA)
All cells contain genetic information used
to control cell activities and pass traits to
offspring.
In prokaryotes, DNA is found in the
cytoplasm (nucleoid). In eukaryotes,
DNA is enclosed in a nucleus.
Ribosomes
A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of
protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and
translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains
that fold to form proteins.
Cell
Organelles
and their
The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and
cellular reproduction.
Nuclear membrane
The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other
cell organelles.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human cells contain 23
pairs of chromosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It
plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
Golgi Bodies
Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within
the cell.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are the protein synthesis of the cell.
Mitochondria is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because
it produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency.
Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell
and help in cell renewal. Therefore, they are known as the cell’s suicide
bags.
Chloroplast are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the
pigment called chlorophyll.
Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell.
Name Memorable phrase Description
Plasma membrane Cell’s fortification Separates the interior of the cell from the outside
environment
Cytoplasm Cell’s environment Fluid part enclosed by the membrane, contains
organelles
Nucleus Cell’s brain Contains most of the genetic material, in the form
of DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell’s pipe system System of metabolic processes (smooth ER), protein
manufacturing ribosomes (rough ER)
Golgi apparatus Cell’s delivery It tags vesicles and proteins to help them get
center carried to their correct destinations
Centrosome Cell’s anchor Organizes and produces the microtubules
of the cell’s cytoskeleton
Produce energy for the cell, break down
Mitochondria Cell’s powerplant carbohydrates and some Durations lipids to form
molecule ATP
Ribosome Cell’s factories Translate RNA into proteins
Lysosome Cell’s stomach Vesicles filled with digestive proteins, can absorb
something and break it down into recyclable pieces
Peroxisome Cell’s firemen Vesicles that defend (or neutralize) the cell from
free radicals
Cytoskeleton Cell’s shapeshifter It modifies the cell’s shape and ensures mechanical
resistance to deformation
Vacuole Cell‘s Enclosed storage vessels which are filled with water
compartments containing inorganic and organic molecules
THANK YOU !!!
Prepared by group 1:
Alimaong, Rejamae Jane C.
Aton, Rhizel Faith D.