Fundamentals of Data
Modeling
(Course Introduction)
Lecturer: Abdul Wajid Fazil
abfazil2022@[Link]
wajid@[Link]
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Badakhshan University
Computer Science Faculty
Fundamentals of data Modeling Course
Policy
University Badakhshan University
Faculty Computer Science
Department IS
Subject Code CS534
Subject Name Fundamentals of data modeling
Credits 4
Type Of Subject Fundamentals
Prerequisite
Semester 5
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Students’ Assessment Methods
Case study
Write paper
Assignment(s)
Attendance
Seminars
Midterm exam
Group work
Final exam
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Teaching Methods
Lecture
Student-centered approach
Outcome-based approach
Individual Activity
Group work
Analyze paper
Case Study
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Course outlines:
مودل سازی سیستم های تصمیم-حمایه مودل سازی دیتا
دیتای warehouse مودل سازی دیتای تعریف شده
مودل سازی بعدی سطوح معلومات
سیستم های OLAP مودل سازی تصوری
سیستم های کاوش دیتا انکشاف سیستم دیتا
اطمینان به کیفیت در مودل سازی تمایالت و تقربات مودل سازی
اهمیت کیفیت دیتا متود ها ،تکنیک ها و سمبول ها
چرا تاکید باالی کیفیت لسان مودل سازی متحد الشکلی
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Course outlines:
کیفیت تعریفات مودل ها خوب و بد
مودل سازی دیتای اجیل در عمل تقرب به مودل سازی خوب
مودل ساری تیپ های عملی کیفیت تعریفات
دخالت ستاک هولدر مودل کیفیت عالی دیتا
مودل سازی تکراری مراحل بیمه کیفیت
حاالت خاص بیمه کیفیت در مودل دیتا
طرحه ریزی مودل تصوری اهمیت کیفیت
مودل دیتای منطقی نیل به مودل خوب
حرکات اجیل
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Fundamentals of Data
Modeling
Prepared by:
Abdul Wajid Fazil
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What is Database ?
User
A database is a systematically organized collection of data,
stored electronically and managed by a Database
Management System (DBMS). Application
Key roles of a database:
Store large volumes of structured and unstructured data. DBMS
Enable fast search, retrieval, and update operations.
Maintain data integrity and prevent duplication.
Examples: MySQL for web apps, Oracle for enterprise systems,
MongoDB for big data applications.
Database
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Database and data
Database:
An organized collection of logically related data.
Data:
Stored representations of objects and events that have
meaning and importance in the users environment
Collection of facts
Data can be structured and unstructured
Structure data are stored in a tabular form(in
tables,relations,arrays,spredsheet,etc.
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Data VS Information
The term data and information are closely related and used
interchangeably
Information:
As data that have been processed I such a way that the knowledge
of the person who used the data is increased.
Consider the following list of facts:
Baker, Kenneth D.
324917628 Doyle, Joan E.
476193248 Finkle, Clive R.
548429344 Lewis, John C.
551742186 McFerran, Debra R.
409723145
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Metadata
Data that describe the properties or characteristics of end-user
data and the context of those data.
Some of the properties that are typically described include
data names, definitions, length (or size), and allowable values.
Metadata describing data context include the source of the
data, where the data are stored, ownership (or stewardship),
and usage.
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What is Data Modeling?
Data modeling is the process of visually and logically
representing data and its relationships. It helps developers and
stakeholders create a shared understanding of a system before
any database is implemented.
Benefits:
Clarifies business requirements.
Reduces design errors.
Improves system maintainability.
Example: An online bookstore requires tables for customers, books,
and orders, along with their relationships.
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What is Data Modeling?
Data modeling defines entities, attributes, relationships, and
rules that govern a system’s data.
It helps to:
Understand business requirements.
Document data architecture.
Serve as a bridge between business needs and technical design.
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What is Business Data?
Business data refers to any information that is collected, stored,
and used by an organization to support its business operations,
decision-making, and strategies. It includes facts and figures about
various aspects of the business, such as customers, products, sales,
finances, employees, and processes.
Key points about business data:
Represents real-world business activities and transactions
Can be structured (e.g., databases, spreadsheets) or unstructured
(e.g., emails, documents)
Used to analyze performance, identify trends, and make informed
decisions
Essential for planning, reporting, and improving business processes
Examples: customer information, sales records, inventory levels,
financial reports
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Why data modeling?
A data model functions as an effective communication tool for
discussions with the users; it also serves as a blue print for the
database system.
Therefore, acts as bridge from real-world information to database
storing relevant data content.
Improves communication between business and IT.
Reduces costly rework during implementation.
Ensures consistency across the system.
Acts as a visual guide for developers.
Example: Banking systems use models to ensure every customer
account is linked to the correct transactions.
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Data life cycle
Identify data requirements.
Determine sources of data.
Collect and validate data.
Store in secure systems.
Use for operations and analysis.
Archive old data for compliance.
Delete data when it is no longer required.
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Who are data modelers?
•Analysts: Study current data usage.
•Architects: Design the system’s data structure.
•Documenters: Maintain metadata and diagrams.
•Consultants: Advise on best practices and integration.
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Why we are using Data Model?
Ensures that all data objects required by the database are accurately
represented.
A data model helps design the database at the conceptual, physical
and logical levels.
Data Model structure helps to define the relational tables, primary and
foreign keys and stored procedures.
It provides a clear picture of the base data and can be used by
database developers to create a physical database.
It is also helpful to identify missing and redundant data.
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Types of Data Models
There are mainly three different types of data models:
Conceptual: High-level, business-focused,This Data Model
defines WHAT the system contains.
Logical: Detailed, technology-independent ,Defines HOW the system
should be implemented regardless of the DBMS.
Physical: DBMS-specific, including exact field types and constraints, This Data
Model describes HOW the system will be implemented using a specific
DBMS system.
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Conceptual Data Model
A Conceptual Data Model is an organized view of database
concepts and their relationships.
Purpose: Define the scope and high-level structure without
technical detail.
Key elements: Entities, attributes, and relationships.
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Three Components of a Conceptual Model
Entity: A real-world thing
Attribute: Characteristics or properties of an entity
Relationship: Dependency or association between two entities
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Conceptual Data Model Example
Customer and Product are two entities.
Customer number and name are attributes of the Customer entity.
Product name and price are attributes of product entity.
Sale is the relationship between the customer and product.
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Characteristics of a conceptual data
model
•Provides organization-wide coverage of business concepts
•Designed for a business audience
•Developed independently of hardware and software
specifications (e.g., data storage, DBMS vendor)
•Focuses on representing data as users see it in the "real world"
•Also called Conceptual or Domain Data Models
•Creates a common vocabulary for all stakeholders
•Establishes basic concepts and scope of the business domain
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Logical Data Model
The Logical Data Model is used to define the structure of data elements
and to set relationships between them.
The logical data model adds further information to the conceptual data
model elements.
The advantage of using a Logical data model is to provide a foundation to
form the base for the Physical model. However, the modeling structure
remains generic.
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Logical Data Model Example
At this Data Modeling level, no primary or secondary key is defined.
At this Data modeling level, you need to verify and adjust the connector details
that were set earlier for relationships.
L ogical Data Model
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Characteristics of a Logical data
model
Describes data needs for a single project but could integrate with
other logical data models based on the scope of the project.
Designed and developed independently from the DBMS.
Data attributes will have datatypes with exact precisions and length.
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Physical Data Model
A Physical Data Model describes a database-specific
implementation of the data model. It offers database abstraction
and helps generate the schema.
The physical data model also helps in visualizing database structure
by replicating database column keys, constraints, indexes, triggers,.
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Physical Data Model
Physical Data
Model
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Characteristics of a physical data model:
The physical data model describes data need for a single project or
application though it maybe integrated with other physical data
models based on project scope.
Data Model contains relationships between tables that which
addresses cardinality and nullability of the relationships.
Columns should have exact datatypes, lengths assigned and default
values.
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Advantages of Data model:
Accurate representation of business data.
Helps in planning integration and migration.
Improves communication across teams.
Guides developers during coding.
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Disadvantages of Data model:
•Requires skilled professionals.
•Structural changes can be costly.
•No universal standard across DBMS.
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Any Question???
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