Chapter 3

SITE WORKS AND

SETTING OUT

Compiled by. Kedir

Endris Muhammed
(MSc.)
 Site
work of land. Site
Site is a piece
may be small, large or too
large as per dimensions of its
boundary
It has certain shape which
may be regular or irregular.
The location of site must be
clear and then site visit should
be done and work.
Site
work
Has dimension and topography
which are measured by
engineering survey. And find out
NORTH direction.
Topography of site must be studied
and level and counter lines of land
which is decided from MSL (Main
Sea Level) or any known
permanent reference Benchmark
(BM).
To write and observe the
surrounding site, like that-
building, drains, river, nature
sources/surface, electrical poles,
pond, landfills trees etc.
The designer should
design any building
regarding the type and
nature of soil available
at different depth at site.
That is why, for design
following operation should
be taken:-

[Link] investigation
[Link] Preparation
[Link] out plan of
Foundation
 1. Site
Investigation
Site Investigation is the process of
collecting information, assessment
of the data and reporting
potential hazards beneath a
site which are unknown.
It is the initial and very important
procedure to be carried out before
construction and design work. They
can be categorized as :-
1. Sub- Surface features
a)Geology: - bed rock, land
structure
b) Hydrology:- Water table,
underground water level
c) Soil-natural : deposition of
soil, strata of soil,
hardness, softness, study of
S.B.C. of soil.
2. Naturals features :-
a)Climate :- precipitation of
rainfall, humidity,
b) Vegetation: - presence
of plants, forests, bushes etc.
c)Wildlife: - animal life around the
site
d)Hydrology: - rivers, lakes, etc.
e) Slope
3. Man made features:-
a) utilities:-water,
drainage, electricity,
telephone lines, etc.
b) Circulation: - the distance of
road from the site.
c)Transit: - junction of roads or
pavements.
d)Environment:- surrounding
area and neighborhood.
e)Culture: - neighboring ethics
and culture
f) Aesthetics: - presences of
symbolic icons,
 Objectives of Site
Investigation

The objective of the site

investigation is to characterize
the ground conditions sufficiently
to allow safe and economic
design to be developed and to
reduce, as far as possible, the
occurrence and impact of
unforeseen conditions; To assess
the general suitability of the site
with the proposed works; and To
maximize potential of the site.
 2. Site
Preparation

Site preparation involves the

demolition or wrecking of buildings
and other structures, clearing of
building sites and sale of materials
from demolished structures.
Site
drilling, preparation also
leveling, entails
blasting, test earth-moving, drainage
landfill,
excavating,
land and other land
preparation.
Site Pre cont…

So some points are as follow:-

Site approach consideration: -
must be needed for entry or
exist to site. So that easy
transporting all the building
materials for proposed works.
Storage consideration: - where as
stored the materials security,
weather protection etc.
Accommodation consideration:
- where as site staff to be
accommodated, sitting workers
and making temporary spaces
used for during construction
period.
Site Pre cont…

Hording and Fencing: - to be

erecting structure of
wire/wall/wood or to make
enclosing site for secure.
Decide the location of materials
in proper places: - like that
cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, formworks, timber
storage, excavation earth, filling
materials, scaffold storage, bricks,
water, etc.
Land or level should be
clearing: - the obstruction and
rubbish should be cleared off
before doing any work on the site.
 [Link] out Plan of
Foundation

It is the process of developing

the physical positions of corners
and walls of a building, and it’s
done by transferring dimensions
from the layout plan (also
called as setting out plan,) to
the ground.
The setting out clearly defines the
outline of the excavations and the
centre line of the walls, so that
the construction can be
carried out according to the plan.
Tools used for setting out are required
(for residential building):-
1. Wooden pegs
2. Nails
3. Hammer
4. Thread (String)
5. Measuring Tape (30 M.)
6. Trench plan of foundation
[Link] lime
8. Profile Boards
9. Workers
Terminology used in setting
work
Setting out: - is the process of an
operation of laying out engineering
projects by placing pegs on the site of
works. Setting out is the opposite of
leveling that is data are transferred from
plans to the ground.

Pegs:- are short pointed wooden rods

driving in to the ground to mark an
excavation,

Batten boards (profile board):- A

horizontal board 150 mm by 25 mm cut
to varying length. They are nailed to
100mmx50mmx50mm square post,
which have been pointed and driven into
the ground. profile board located about
0.5-1.0 m outside the limits of foundation
wall
First
 Types and methods of
setting out
In setting out for simple building,
we use one of the three methods.
These are:-
1. The 3,4,5 method
2. The builder’s square method
3. Leveling instruments.
The 3, 4, 5 method (working
procedure)

Directly placing pegs at the exact

corners of a building is
impractical, Instead, pegs are
positioned at the corners of a
larger rectangle that fully
encloses the building.
1. Prepare a foundation trench
plan showing wall widths.
2. Place temporary pegs at the
building's real corners.
3. Place a profile board around all
pegs 1m far from each pegs. This
one meter is done for working
space
4. Set consistent elevation
references : Pick a benchmark
elevation (e.g., top of slab) and
The 3, 4, 5 method (working
procedure)
5. After these, draw a parallel line
(AB) about 2 meters from the
centerline.
6. Stretch a chord between A and
B. At A, draw a perpendicular line
using the 3-4-5 method and mark
point D with a peg.
7. Repeat at B to mark point C.
8. Use rectangle ABCD to mark
the building's corners.
9. Wrap a chord around ABCD and
mark excavation lines with lime.
The 3, 4, 5 method (working
procedure)
Builder’s square method

1. Set out the front or building line

in the usual manner with pegs or
marks at the required distance.
2. Place the builder’s square so
that front line touch one side if
the square right through its
length.
3. Stretch a line from the peg so
that it is perpendicular to second
side of the square and establish
the third peg. A corner of angle 90
degree is thus obtained.
4. with the aid of a tape measure
mark out the length and breadth
of the proposed building.
Builder’s square method

5. Transferring the builder’s

square to the remaining corners
and repeating the above
operations; a simple rectangular
building can be set out.
6. After establishing the four
corner pegs, profiles (separate or
continuous) may be erected in the
same way.
The Site Square
Method/Leveling Instruments/
When a right angle is to be set
out, the corner of the angle and
one side of the corner are always
known. One has only to find the
second side. The square solves
the problem in a very simple,
quick and reliable way.
1. Setting out of the front or
building line in the usual manner,
with pegs or marks at the required
distances.
2. Set up the tripod at peg 2 so
that the datum rod is directly over
the peg or mark, which represents
the corner point. Mark that the
pegs are firm on the ground.
3. Release the spike screw and
extend the spike so that it sits
firmly on the nail or mark.
The Site Square
Method/Leveling Instruments/
4. Before mounting the instrument
in to the tripod head, ensure that
the locking screw is tightened.
Screw on the site square. Release
the locking screw. By rotating the
site square, point the lower
telescope along the front or
building line. Tight the locking
screws.
[Link] the circular bubble over
the top of the instrument. This will
probably be found to be “off-
center”. To correct this release the
tripod leg screws and adjust the
instrument until the bubble comes
in to the center of the circle.
When this is achieved, tighten the
tripod leg secure. The instrument
is now ready to use.
The Site Square
Method/Leveling Instruments/
2. When this position is
obtained, measure the distance
required to peg 3. Now by sighting
through the top telescope, taking
care not to rotate the instrument
to the right or left, signal and
assistant to move the peg
sideways until it is “dead on” peg
3 is now positioned at an angle of
900.
3. By removing the site square
to peg 3 and living up on peg 2,
the removing corner peg, peg 4
can be set out using the
procedures already given.
4. Profiles can be marked easily
by lifting the telescope upwards,
having sighted on to the peg, and
having a nail in the ‘dead on”
End of Chapter
Three
Thank you for
your attention