Digestive System

• The digestive system is made up of organs that

are important for digesting food and liquids. It
breakdown foods into nutrients that can be
absorbed and eliminate waste.
 Processes involved in the
Digestive System
•Ingestion: The process of taking food into the body through the
mouth.
•Propulsion: The movement of food through the digestive tract. This
includes swallowing and peristalsis (muscular contractions that move
food along).
•Mechanical Digestion: The physical breakdown of food into smaller
pieces. This occurs through chewing, churning in the stomach, and
mixing in the intestines.
•Chemical Digestion: The breakdown of large food molecules into
smaller molecules by digestive enzymes.
•Absorption: The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into
the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
•Defecation: The elimination of undigested waste products from the
body.
Mouth  The mouth is the first part of the digestive
system, where food enters the body.
 It starts both chemical and mechanical
digestion.
 Mechanical Digestion: The teeth break down food
into smaller pieces, increasing its surface area for
enzyme action
 Chemical Digestion: Salivary glands secrete saliva,
which contains the enzyme amylase. Amylase begins
to breakdown starches (carbohydrates) into simple
sugars, such as maltose.
 •Teeth: Used for chewing and breaking down food.
Mouth •Lips: The external boundary of the oral cavity.
•Gums (gingiva): Cover the alveolar bone and help hold teeth
in place.
•Uvula: It helps with moistening the throat, preventing food
from going up your nose when swallowing, and contributing to
speech production.
•Tongue: A muscular organ that aids in swallowing, speech,
and taste.
•Hard Palate: The bony front part of the roof of the mouth.
•Soft Palate: The muscular back part of the roof of the mouth.
•Salivary Glands: Produce saliva, which moistens the mouth
and aids in digestion.
•Vestibule: The space between the cheeks and teeth.
•Oral Mucosa: The lining of the mouth, including the inner
cheeks and lips.
•Floor of the mouth: The area under the tongue, supported by
the mylohyoid muscles.
Throat
•Pharynx: The muscular tube that makes up the
throat, connecting the nasal cavity, mouth, larynx,
and esophagus.
•Larynx: The voice box, containing the vocal
cords and located at the top of the trachea.
•Epiglottis: A flap of tissue that folds down to
cover the trachea when swallowing, preventing
food and liquids from entering the airway.
•Tonsils and Adenoids: Lymphatic tissues that
help fight infections.
Esophagus
Esophagus is a muscular tube
that connects the pharynx to
the stomach. The esophagus
uses peristalsis (wave;like
muscle contractions) to move
down into the stomach.
  Stomach is a sack-like, muscular organ that is
Stomach attached to the esophagus. When food enters the
stomach, it is churned with lots of acids.
 Mechanical Digestion: The stomach’s muscular
walls churn the food and mix it with gastric juices.
 Chemical Digestion: The gastric juices contain
Hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin, which
breakdown proteins into smaller peptides. The
acidic environment helps kill bacteria in the food.
 Chyme Formation: After mechanical and
chemical digestion, the food turned into semi-
liquid substance called the chime, which is then
release into small intestine.
 Accessory Organs

Gallbladder Liver Pancreas

Pancreas
 Pancreas is a gland below
the stomach that makes
lots of chemicals called
enzymes that help break
down food. And release it
into duodenum.
Liver
 Liver is a large organ that
makes bile that neutralizes
stomach acid.
Gallbladder
 Gallbladder is a small sac
below the liver which
stores and releases bile
into the small intestine.
Small intestineThe small intestine continues the process of breaking
down food, especially fats, that began in the stomach.
•It absorbs most of the nutrients (vitamins, minerals,
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) and water from
digested food, passing them into the bloodstream to be
used by the body.
•The absorbed nutrients are then transported to the rest
of the body through the bloodstream.
•Duodenum: The shortest section, it receives partially
digested food from the stomach and secretions from the
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to further aid digestion.
•Jejunum: The middle section, it is responsible for the
rapid movement of food and the absorption of nutrients.
•Ileum: The longest section, it absorbs remaining
nutrients and empties into the large intestine.
 • It is the shorter, wider tube that follows the
Large intestine small intestine. The primary function of the
large intestine is to absorb water, salts and
some vitamins from the remaining food matter.
Structure:
• Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine
where undigested food from the small intestine
enters.
• Colon: The colon absorbs water and electrolytes
and compacts the waste into a solid form. The
colon houses bacteria that help breakdown some
of the remaining food particles and certain
vitamins (e.g., vitamin K)
Rectum
• Rectum is the lower part
of the large intestine,
where waste is stored
before it leaves the body.
Anus
• Anus is the opening at the
end of the digestive
system from which waste
leaves the body.