NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The OSI Model
Open Systems Interconnection Reference
Model
Name: Raja Hamza
Roll No: 15
What is the OSI Model?
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
is a conceptual framework used to describe the
functions of a networking system.
Universal
•
Created by the International Organization for Standard
Standardization (ISO) in 1984.
• Enables diverse computer systems to
It splits communication into seven abstract
communicate using standard
layers.
•
Each layer serves the layer above it and is protocols.
served by the layer below it.
Why do we need it?
Interoperability Modularity Troubleshooting
It ensures that hardware Engineers can focus on It provides a structured
from different vendors designing one layer (like a approach to diagnosing
(e.g., Apple and Dell) can new WiFi standard) network issues by isolating
communicate seamlessly without worrying about faults to specific layers.
on the same network. how email software works.
The 7-Layer
Architecture
The model is traditionally read from bottom
to top (Layer 1 to Layer 7).
•
7. Application
•
6. Presentation
•
5. Session
•
4. Transport
•
3. Network
•
2. Data Link
•
1. Physical
How Data Moves: Encapsulation
Going Down the Stack
When you send data, it flows DOWN from
Layer 7 to Layer 1. At each step, a "header"
is added.
•
Layer 4 adds Port Numbers -> Segment
•
Layer 3 adds IP Addresses -> Packet
•
Layer 2 adds MAC Addresses -> Frame
•
Layer 1 converts to 0s and 1s -> Bits
Layer 1: Physical
The Hardware Layer
Responsible for the physical connection
between devices and the transmission of raw
bit streams.
•
Unit: Bits (1s and 0s)
•
Devices: Cables, Hubs, Repeaters
•
Media: Copper, Fiber Optics, WiFi (RF)
Layer 2: Data Link
Node-to-Node Transfer
Ensures error-free transfer of data frames
between two nodes connected to the same
physical link.
•
Unit: Frame
•
Addressing: MAC Address (Physical)
•
Device: Network Switch
•
Sub-layers: LLC & MAC
Layer 3: Network
Routing & Addressing
Responsible for moving packets between
different networks (e.g., from your home to
the internet).
•
Unit: Packet
•
Addressing: IP Address (Logical)
•
Device: Router
•
Protocols: IPv4, IPv6, ICMP
Layer 4: Transport
Reliability Segmentation Addressing
Ensures complete data Breaks large data into Uses Port Numbers to
transfer. It manages error smaller "Segments" before direct data to the correct
recovery and flow control sending, and reassembles application (e.g., Port 80
so the receiver isn't them at the destination. for Web).
overwhelmed.
L4 Protocols: TCP vs UDP
Feature TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Connection Connection-Oriented (Handshake) Connection-less (Fire & Forget)
Reliability High (Acknowledges receipt) Low (No guarantee)
Speed Slower (Due to overhead) Fast
Use Case Web, Email, File Transfer Streaming, Gaming, VoIP
Layer 5: Session
The Dialog Controller
Establishes, manages, and terminates connections
between applications.
Authentication: Who are you?
Session
Authorization: What can you do?
Management
Restoration: Checkpoints for resuming
downloads.
Layer 6: Presentation
Translation Compression Encryption
Translates data into a Reduces data size for SSL/TLS happens here. It
format the application can faster transmission (e.g., encrypts data so it cannot
understand (e.g., ASCII, ZIP, JPEG compression). be read if intercepted.
EBCDIC).
Layer 7: Application
The User Interface
The layer closest to the end user. It provides
network services to user applications.
This layer interacts directly with software
applications (Chrome, Outlook, Zoom).
•
HTTP/HTTPS: Web Browsing
•
SMTP: Email
•
FTP: File Transfer
OSI vs. TCP/IP Model
Theory vs. Reality
The OSI model is a reference model (theoretical).
OSI (7 Layers) TCP/IP (4 Layers)
The TCP/IP model is the implementation model that
actually powers the internet.
⬇
TCP/IP condenses the top 3 layers (App, Presentation,
Session) into a single Application Layer.
Troubleshooting with OSI
Bottom-Up Top-Down Divide & Conquer
Start at Layer 1. Is the Start at Layer 7. Can I Start at Layer 3 (Ping). If
cable plugged in? Is the open the website? If not, is ping works, Layers 1-3 are
link light on? Then move it a DNS issue? fine. The issue is higher
to Layer 2. up.
Security Layers
Defense in Depth
Security must be applied at every layer of
the model.
•
L1: Physical locks, cameras.
•
L2: Port security, MAC filtering.
•
L3: Firewalls, Access Control Lists
•
L4: TLS/SSL, Secure Ports.
(ACLs).
•
L7: Web Application Firewalls (WAF).
Thank
You Questions
?
Raja Hamza (Roll No: 15)
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