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PRESENTED BY: RUBAB HASSAN
RABEIA KHAN
TABLE OF CONTENT:
◦ REGRESSION
◦ REGRESSION IN PSYCHOLOGY
◦ USES OF REGRESSION
◦ TYPES OF REGRESSION
◦ METHODS OF REGRESSION
◦ ASSUMPTIONS OF REGRESSION
◦ MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF REGRESSION
◦ APPLICATIONS
REGRESSION:
‘‘Regression" was coined by Francis Galton in the 19th
century to describe a biological phenomenon.
The phenomenon was that the heights of descendants of
tall ancestors tend to regress down towards a normal
average (a phenomenon also known as regression toward
the mean).
For example:
The relationship between height and weight may be described
by a linear regression model.
REGRESSION IN PSYCHOLOGY:
In psychoanalytic theory, regression is a defense mechanism
involving the reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of
psychosexual development, as a reaction to an overwhelming
external problem or internal conflict.
For example:
An overwhelmed child may revert to bedwetting or
thumb-sucking. Regression may arise from a desire to
reduce anxiety and feel psychologically safe.
USES OF REGRESSION:
[Link] is used to identify the
associations between variables occurring
in some data .
[Link] can show both the magnitude of such
an association and also determine its
statistical significance (i.e, whether or
not the association is likely due to chance
TYPES OF REGRESSION:
1. LINEAR REGRESSION
2. LOGISTIC REGRESSION
3. LASSO REGRESSION
4. RIDGE REGRESSION
LINEAR REGRESSION:
A regression model that estimates the relationship
between one independent variable and one dependent
variable using a straight line. Both variables should be
quantitative.
For example:
a driver stuck in traffic may get angry and throw a
tantrum, even though he doesn't usually behave that
way. Or a child may revert to sucking their thumb or
wetting the bed after a trauma. As a defense
mechanism, regression represents a return to a previous
stage that felt more secure.
LOGISTIC REGRESSION:
In Logistic regression ,the dependent variable is binary in
nature (having two categories).Independent variables
can be continous or binary.
FOREXAMPLE:
Its use include predicting if an e-mail is spam or not
spam or if a tumor is malignant or not malignant.
LASSO REGRESSION:
Lasso regression is one of the type of regression in
machine learning that perform regularisation along
with features selection.
FOREXAMPLE:
Lasso regression is a regularization technique. It is used over
regression methods for a more accurate prediction. This model uses
shrinkage.
RIDGE REGRESSION:
Ridge regression is a technique for analyzing multiple
regression data. When multicollinearity occurs, least
squares estimate are unbiased
FOREXAMPLE:
Ridge regression is a model-tuning method that is used
to analyze any data that suffers from multicollinearity. This
method performs L2 regularization.
When the issue of multicollinearity occurs, least-squares
are unbiased, and variances are large, this results in
predicted values being far away from the actual values.
METHODS:
1) SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION:
Regression of Y on single X and both variable should be continous.
2) MULTIPLE REGRESSION:
Regression of Y on more than one Xs and all variables should be
continous.
3) LOGISTIC REGRESSION:
Logistic regression is a data analysis technique that uses
mathematics to find the relationships between two data factors.
Assumptions of regression:
Five main assumptions underlying multiple regression models must be satisfied:
1. Linearity
2. Homoskedasticity
3. Independence of errors
4. Normality
5. Independence of independent variables.
SOLVED EXAMPLE:
Unsolved example:
APPLICATIONS:
1. Predicting treatment outcomes: Regression identifies factors predicting
response to therapy or intervention.
2. Identifying risk factors: Regression determines variables associated with
mental health issues, such as depression or anxiety.
3. Understanding cognitive processes: Regression analyzes relationships
between cognitive variables, like attention or memory.
4. Examining interpersonal relationships: Regression investigates factors
influencing relationship satisfaction and conflict.
5. Neuropsychology: Regression relates brain structure/function to cognitive
and behavioral outcomes.