RANDOM SAMPLING, PARAMETER
AND STATISTIC, AND SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF STATISTICS
RANDOM SAMPLING
How do you
choose
grapes to
buy?
EXAMPLE
A consumer is
interested in buying
grapes. Before deciding,
the consumer requests
a piece from the bunch
of grapes shown by the
seller. Based upon this
piece, the consumer
decided to buy the
bunch of grapes.
POPULATION SAMPLE
The idea of selecting a
POPULATION portion or sample to
determine the taste or
characteristics of all
SAMPLE
the grapes , or
population, is the
concept called
SAMPLING.
POPULATION
The population refers to the
whole group under study or
investigation. In research, the
population does not always
refer to people. It may mean a
group containing elements of
anything you want to study,
such as objects, events,
organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
SAMPLE
A sample is a subset taken
from a population, either by
random sampling or by non-
random sampling. A sample is a
representation of the
population where it is hoped
that valid conclusions will be
drawn from the population.
TYPES OF RANDOM
SAMPLING
1. Simple Random /Lottery Sampling
A sampling techniques where
every member of the population
has an equal chance of being
selected. The procedure is carried
out by randomly picking numbers,
with each number corresponds to
each member of the population.
Ex: Drawing of winning prizes
from tambiolo
ADVANTAGES
• Applicable when population is SIMPLE
small, homogeneous and readily RANDOM
available SAMPLING/
• All subsets of the frame are given an LOTTERY
equal probability of selection. SAMPLING
• It provides for greatest number of
possible samples. This is done by
assigning a number to each unit in
the sampling frame.
• A table of random number or lottery
system is used to determine which
units are to be selected
• Estimates are very easy to calculate.
DISADVANTAGES
• If sampling frame is large, this SIMPLE
method is impractical. RANDOM
• Minority subgroups of interest in SAMPLING/
population may not be present in LOTTERY
sample in sufficient numbers for SAMPLING
study.
2. Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which
members of the population are listed and samples are
selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this
technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from a
randomly selected starting point.
ADVANTAGES
• Easier to apply than simple random
sampling.
• Faster selection process, especially SYSTEMATIC
for large populations. SAMPLING
• Samples are spread across the
entire population list.
• Once the starting point is random,
selection is objective.
• Requires fewer resources to
implement.
DISADVANTAGES
• If the list has a repeating pattern,
results may be biased.
• Cannot be used without an ordered SYSTEMATIC
list of all members. SAMPLING
• Only the first selection is random.
• May not properly represent
subgroups.
• If N is not divisible by n,
adjustments are needed.
3. Stratified Sampling
Stratified random sampling is a
method where the population is
divided into similar groups
(STRATA) to ensure all important
subgroups are represented. The
population is grouped based on
characteristics such as age or
gender, and samples are then
randomly selected from each
group.
ADVANTAGES
• Every subgroup is included, so
important groups are not left out.
• Reduces sampling bias and STRATIFIED
produces results closer to the true SAMPLING
population.
• You can compare results across
strata (e.g., Course A vs. Course B).
• Best when the population is
heterogeneous but each stratum is
homogeneous.
• Often produces smaller sampling
error compared to simple random
sampling.
DISADVANTAGES
• Requires complete information
about the population before
sampling. STRATIFIED
• Needs careful planning to form SAMPLING
correct strata and sample sizes.
• Data collection from different strata
may require more resources.
• Poorly chosen strata can lead to
biased or misleading results.
• Simple random sampling may be
easier and sufficient.
4. Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling is sometimes
referred to as area sampling and
applied on a geographical basis.
Generally, first sampling is
performed at higher levels before
going down to lower levels. For
example, samples are taken
randomly from the provinces first,
followed by cities, municipalities
or barangays, and then from
households.
ADVANTAGES
• Less travel and administrative work.
• Ideal when populations are hard to
reach individually. CLUSTER
• Only a list of clusters is needed. SAMPLING
• Commonly used in barangay, school,
or household surveys.
• Efficient for surveys across wide
areas.
DISADVANTAGES
• Clusters may not represent the
entire population well.
• Individuals within clusters tend to CLUSTER
be similar. SAMPLING
• Selected clusters may not reflect
population diversity.
• To improve reliability, more clusters
may be needed.
• Needs adjustments for cluster
design in statistics.
5. Multi-stage Sampling
Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of
different sampling techniques. For example, when
selecting respondents for a national election
survey, we can use the lottery method first for
regions and cities. We can then use stratified
sampling to determine the number of respondents
from selected areas and clusters.
ADVANTAGES
• Suitable for nationwide or province-
wide studies.
• Reduces travel and data-collection
expenses.
• Allows combining different
sampling methods at each stage.
• Only cluster lists are needed MULTI-STAGE
initially. SAMPLING
• Ideal for community and school-
based research.
DISADVANTAGES
• Each stage adds possible error.
• Requires careful planning and
statistical adjustment.
• Accuracy may be reduced if stages
are poorly designed.
• Mistakes in cluster or unit selection MULTI-STAGE
affect results. SAMPLING
• To maintain reliability.
YOUR TURN
Direction: Identify whether the statement given is Simple Random Sampling,
Systematic Sampling, Cluster Sampling, Stratified Sampling or Multi-staged Sampling.
1. From a list of 500 students, a researcher selects every 10ᵗʰ name after
randomly choosing the 4ᵗʰ name as the starting point.
- SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
2. A teacher lists the names of all 100 Grade 12 students, assigns each a
number, and uses a random number generator to select 30 students.
- SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
3. Out of 20 barangays in a town, 5 barangays are randomly selected, and all
households in those barangays are surveyed.
- CLUSTER SAMPLING
Direction: Identify whether the statement given is Simple Random Sampling,
Systematic Sampling, Cluster Sampling, Stratified Sampling or Multi-staged Sampling.
4. A school has students from ABM, STEM, and HUMSS strands. The researcher
randomly selects students from each strand based on their proportion in the
population.
- STRATIFIED SAMPLING
5. A nationwide survey randomly selects regions, then provinces, then
barangays, and finally households.
- MULTI-STAGED SAMPLING