CHAPTER THREE
LAYING OUT
INST. Miss. Kalkidan Mekonnen
Layout
Transferring of information from a working
drawing to metal surfaces
Making of lines, circles, arcs and points on
metal surfaces for drilling holes or making
cuts
Layout tools
Layout Dye:
Is a fast-drying colored liquid
Is brushed onto a workpiece to prepare it for
laying out guide lines
Dykem is probably the best know
brand name for layout dye.
Layout tools
Scriber
– Is a sharp-pointed tool used for
scribing lines on metal pieces
– Are available in different size and
shape
Bent scriber Normal Scriber
Layout tools
Vernier height gauge:
– Is used for measuring height of an object or for
marking lines on metal of given distance from a
datum base
– Always used on a surface plate
Layout tools
Surface plate (bench plate):
– Used as accurate reference for layout or
inspection
– They should never be used for any job that
might mar or nick the surface
Layout tools
Combination Square:
– Combination set is a set of equipment combining
the functions of protractor, engineer square, steel
rule, Centre finder, level rule, and scriber.
– Used to layout markings on metal
V-block:
– Used to support round work for layout work and
inspection
– It is a rectangular or square steel block in which
V-slots having a 90 angle have been cut.
Angle plate:
– Used as a fixture for holding work which is to be
laid out, inspected or machined
– Used for supporting or setting up work vertically
Hermaphrodite caliper:
– Used to scribe a line a set distance from the edge
of workpiece
– The bent leg is used to run along the workpiece
edge while the scriber makes its mark at a
predetermined distance, this ensures a line
parallel to the edge.
Prick Punch:
– Is used to transfer directly from the drawing
to the sheet metal
– Used to mark the location of holes after the
lines have been scribed
Center Punch:
– Is used to enlarge a mark for a drill to follow
in order to prevent wandering of the drill bit
Divider:
Used to transfer a dimension from a rule to the
metal
Used to make circles or arcs and to space holes
or other dimensions on metal
Vise
Hand sawing
• Sawing is a process of cutting metal stock
that is impractical to use a file, a chisel or a
machine
• A hacksaw is a saw with a frame and a blade
designed for cutting metal
Hacksaw
• Comprises of, blade, frame, and handle
• There are two types of frame
Fixed length
Adjustable
Hacksaw blade
• Hacksaw blades vary in type and size
– All-hard blades are hardened throughout and
are used for sawing heavy work, tool steel,
cast iron, and brass
– Flexible blades are hardened only the teeth
and are used for sawing light and hollow
materials
Hacksaw blade
• Hand hacksaw blades are made in 8 inch, 10 inch
and 12 inch lengths, with 14, 18, 24, or 32 teeth per
inch
Using a Hacksaw
Files
• A file is made of hardened high-carbon steel,
with flat or rounded surfaces that are made
rough with teeth or grit
• They are used for smoothing surfaces or
sharpening metal objects
Files
• Files come in various shapes and sizes and in
various sizes of cuts
– A file with straight teeth all going in the
same direction is a single cut file
– A file with teeth in two directions is known
as a double cut file
Files
• Both single cut and double cut files are
made in different degrees of coarseness
– Rough, middle, bastard, second cut, and
smooth are examples of coarseness
– The coarseness also varies with the length
of the file
Cuts of a File
Files
• Common files are flat, rasp, half round, round
bastard, and taper triangular
– Flat files are used for smoothing both wood
and metal
– Rasp cut files are used for smoothing coarse
wood work
– Half round files are used for both metal and
wood
Files
• Round bastard files are used for enlarging
and smoothing holes
• Taper triangular files are used for filing
saws or cleaning threads
Cold Chisels
• When using a cold chisel to cut cold metal,
the chisel must be harder than the metal it is
intended to cut
• The four standard shapes for cutting edges for
cold chisels are flat, cape, diamond-point, and
half-round nose
Cold Chisels
1. Flat chisels are used for chipping, removing
metal from a flat surface, and cutting sheet
metal
Cold Chisels
2. Cape chisels are used for cutting narrow, flat
grooves and slots
Cold Chisels
3. Round nose chisel is used for chiseling round
and semi-circular grooves and inside, round
filleted corners.
Cold Chisels
4. Diamond point chisels are used to cut v-shaped
grooves and square inside corners
Cutting angle
Holding
chisels
Shearing sheet metal
Cutting rods and rivets
Sharpening chisels
Q 1.
Q 2.
Q 3.
Q 4.
Reading on sleeve = ---------------------
Reading on thimble =-------------------
L.C=----------------------------------------
Total Reading=---------------------------
Q 5.
Reading on sleeve = ---------------------
Reading on thimble =-------------------
L.C=----------------------------------------
Total Reading=---------------------------