Introduction to Emerging

Technologies

CHAPTER SEVEN

Other emerging technologies

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7.1. Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology
conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application
of extremely small things and can be used across all the other
science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials
science, and engineering.

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7.1.1. How it started
 The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology
started with a talk entitled “There’s plenty of room at the
bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman (the father of
nanotechnology) at an American Physical Society meeting at the
California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29,
1959, long before the term nanotechnology was used.
 Over a decade later, in his explorations of ultraprecision
machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term
nanotechnology.
 It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning
tunneling microscope that could "see" individual atoms, that
modern nanotechnology began.

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7.1.2. Fundamental concepts in nanoscience and
nanotechnology
 It’s hard to imagine just how small nanotechnology is.
 One nanometer is a billionth of a meter or 10-9 of meters. Here
are a few illustrative examples:
 There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch
 A sheet of newspaper is about 100,000 nanometers thick
 On a comparative scale, if a marble were a nanometer, then one
meter would be the size of the Earth
 Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve the ability to see and
to control individual atoms and molecules. Everything on Earth
is made up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the
buildings and houses we live in, and our own bodies.

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Cont…
 An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is
much smaller about 0.00001 nm. Atoms are the building blocks
110 for all matter in our universe. You and everything around
you are made of atoms.
 For instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from
millions of living cells. Cells are nature's nanomachines. At the
atomic scale, elements are at their most basic level. On the
nanoscale, we can potentially put these atoms together to make
almost anything.

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Cont…
 The properties of materials can be different at the nanoscale
for two main reasons:
 First, nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area when
compared to the same mass of material produced in a larger
form. This can make materials more chemically reactive (in
some cases materials that are inert in their larger form are
reactive when produced in their nanoscale form), and affect
their strength or electrical properties.

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Cont…
 Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behavior
of matter at the nanoscale particularly at the lower end –
affecting the optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of
materials.
 Materials can be produced that are nanoscale in
 one dimension (for example, nanowires, nanorods, and
nanotubes),
 two dimensions (plate-like shapes like nanocoating, nanolayers,
and graphene) or
 three dimensions (for example nanoparticles)

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Cont…
 Today's scientists and engineers are finding a wide variety of
ways to deliberately make materials at the nanoscale to take
advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher strength,
lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater
chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts.

8
7.1.3. Applications of nanotechnology
 Today's scientists and engineers are finding a wide variety of
ways to deliberately make materials at the nanoscale to take
advantage of their enhanced properties such as higher strength,
lighter weight, increased control of light spectrum, and greater
chemical reactivity than their larger-scale counterparts.
 Medicine: customized nanoparticles the size of molecules that
can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in your body. When
it's perfected, this method should greatly reduce the damage
treatment such as chemotherapy does to a patient's healthy cells.
 Electronics: it has some answers for how we might increase the
capabilities of electronics devices while we reduce their weight
and power consumption.

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Cont…
 Food: it has an impact on several aspects of food science, from
how food is grown to how it is packaged. Companies are
developing nanomaterials that will make a difference not only in
the taste of food but also in food safety and the health benefits
that food delivery.
 Agriculture: nanotechnology can possibly change the whole
agriculture part and nourishment industry anchor from generation
to preservation, handling, bundling, transportation, and even
waste treatment.
 Vehicle manufacturers: Much like aviation, lighter and stronger
materials will be valuable for making vehicles that are both
quicker and more secure. Burning motors will likewise profit
from parts that are all the more hardwearing and higher
temperature safe.
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[Link]
 It is the broad area of biology involving living systems and
organisms to develop or make products, or "any
technological application that uses biological systems,
living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify
products or processes for specific use".
 At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on
biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and
biomolecular processes to develop technologies and
products that help improve our lives and the health of our
planet.
 We have used the biological processes of microorganisms
for more than 6,000 years to make useful food products,
such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy products.
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Cont…
 Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that
fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast =
living organism) to produce the desired product).
 Beer, wine, and cheese
 One example of modern biotechnology is genetic engineering.
 Genetic engineering is the process of transferring
individual genes between organisms or modifying the
genes in an organism to remove or add a desired trait or
characteristic.

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7.2.1. History
 In 1919, agriculturalist Karl Ereky described
‘biotechnology’ as “all lines of work by which products
are produced from raw materials with the aid of living
things.”
 In modern biotechnology, researchers modify DNA and
proteins to shape the capabilities of living cells, plants,
and animals into something useful for humans.
 Biotechnologists do this by sequencing or reading, the
DNA found in nature, and then manipulating it in a test
tube – or, more recently, inside of living cells.

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7.2.2. Application of biotechnology
 Agriculture (Green Biotechnology): Biotechnology had
contributed a lot to modify the genes of the organism
known as Genetically Modified Organisms such as
Crops, Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, etc.
 Genetically modified crops are formed by the
manipulation of DNA to introduce a new trait into the
crops. These manipulations are done to introduce traits
such as pest resistance, insect resistance, weed resistance,
etc.

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Cont…
 Medicine (Medicinal Biotechnology): This helps in the
formation of genetically modified insulin known as
humulin. This helps in the treatment of a large number of
diabetes patients.
 It has also given rise to a technique known as gene
therapy. Gene therapy is a technique to remove the
genetic defect in an embryo or child. This technique
involves the transfer of a normal gene that works over the
non-functional gene.

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Cont…
 Medicine (Medicinal Biotechnology): This helps in the
formation of genetically modified insulin known as
humulin. This helps in the treatment of a large number of
diabetes patients.
 It has also given rise to a technique known as gene
therapy. Gene therapy is a technique to remove the
genetic defect in an embryo or child. This technique
involves the transfer of a normal gene that works over the
non-functional gene.

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Cont…
 Aquaculture Fisheries: It helps in improving the quality and
quantity of fishes. Through biotechnology, fishes are induced to
breed via gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
 Environment (Environmental biotechnology): is used in waste
treatment and pollution prevention. Environmental
biotechnology can more efficiently clean up many wastes than
conventional methods and greatly reduce our dependence on
methods for land-based disposal. Every organism ingests
nutrients to live and produces by-products as a result.

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Cont…
 Different organisms need different types of nutrients.
 Some bacteria thrive on the chemical components of waste

products. Environmental engineers use bioremediation, the

broadest application of environmental biotechnology, in two
basic ways.
 They introduce nutrients to stimulate the activity of bacteria
already present in the soil at a waste site or add new bacteria
to the soil.
 The bacteria digest the waste at the site and turn it into
harmless byproducts. After the bacteria consume the waste
materials, they die off or return to their normal population
levels in the environment.

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[Link] technology
 Originally blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks,
that are linked using cryptography.
 Each block contains a cryptography hash of the previous block, a
timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a
Merkle tree).
 A blockchain is, in the simplest of terms, a time-stamped series
of immutable records of data that is managed by a cluster of
computers not owned by any single entity. Each of these blocks
of data (i.e. block) is secured and bound to each other using
cryptographic principles (i.e. chain).
 By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of the data. It
is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions
between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent
way".
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7.3.3. The Three Pillars of Blockchain
Technology
 The three main properties of Blockchain Technology are:
 1. Decentralization
 In a decentralized system, the information is not stored by one
single entity. In fact, everyone in the network owns the
information.
 In a decentralized network, if you wanted to interact with your
friend then you can do so directly without going through a
third party. That was the main ideology behind Bitcoins. You
and only you alone are in charge of your money. You can send
your money to anyone you want without having to go through
a bank.

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Cont…

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Cont…
 2. Transparency
 One of the most interesting and misunderstood concepts in
blockchain technology is “transparency.” Some people say
that blockchain gives you privacy while some say that itis
transparent. Why do you think that happens?
 A person’s identity is hidden via complex cryptography and
represented only by their public address. So, if you were to
look up a person’s transaction history, you will not see “Bob
sent 1 BTC” instead you will see
“1MF1bhsFLkBzzz9vpFYEmvwT2TbyCt7NZJ sent 1
BTC”.

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Cont…
 So, while the person’s real identity is secure, you will still
see all the transactions that were done by their public
address. This level of transparency has never existed
before within a financial system. It adds that extra,
and much needed, level of accountability which is
required by some of these biggest institutions.

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Cont…
 3. Immutability
 Immutability, in the context of the blockchain, means that
once something has been entered into the blockchain, it
cannot be tampered with.
 The reason why the blockchain gets this property is that of
the cryptographic hash function.
 In simple terms, hashing means taking an input string of any
length and giving out an output of a fixed length. In the
context of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, the
transactions are taken as input and run through a
hashing algorithm (Bitcoin uses SHA-256) which
gives an output of a fixed length.
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Cont…
 Let’s see how the hashing process works. We are going to
put in certain inputs. For this exercise, we are going to use
the SHA-256 (Secure Hashing Algorithm 256).

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Cont…
 As you can see, in the case of SHA-256, no matter how big or
small your input is, the output will always have a fixed 256-
bits length. This becomes critical when you are dealing with a
huge amount of data and transactions. So basically, instead of
remembering the input data which could be huge, you can just
remember the hash and keep track.
 No centralized version of this information exists for a hacker to
corrupt.

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7.3.4. How Blockchain Works
 No centralized version of this information exists for a hacker to
corrupt.
 With Google Docs (or Google Sheets), both parties have access

to the same document at the same time, and the single version
of that document is always visible to both of them. It is like a
shared ledger, but it is a shared document. The distributed
part comes into play when sharing involves a number of
people. Imagine the number of legal documents that should be
used that way. Instead of passing them to each other, losing
track of versions, and not being in sync with the other version,
why can’t all business documents become shared instead of
transferred back and forth?

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Cont…
 The reason why the blockchain has gained so much
admiration is that:
 It is not owned by a single entity, hence it is decentralized
 The data is cryptographically stored inside
 The blockchain is immutable, so no one can tamper with the
data that is inside the blockchain
 The blockchain is transparent so one can track the data if they
want to

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7.3.5. Why do people use the peer-to-peer network?
 One of the main uses of the peer-to-peer network is file sharing,
also called torrenting.
 If you are to use a client-server model for downloading, then it is
usually extremely slow and entirely dependent on the health of
the server. Plus, as we said, it is prone to censorship.

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Cont…
 Comparison between Traditional Centralized
Downloading and Decentralized Peer-to-Peer
Downloading

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7.3.6. Application of blockchain
 A. The sharing economy
 With companies like Uber and Airbnb flourishing, the sharing economy
is already a proven success. Currently, however, users who want
to hail a ride-sharing service have to rely on an intermediary
like Uber. By enabling peer-to-peer payments, the blockchain
opens the door to direct interaction between parties a truly
decentralized sharing economy results.

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Cont…
 B. Crowdfunding
 Crowdfunding initiatives like Kickstarter and GoFundMe

are doing the advance work for the emerging peer-to-

peer economy. The popularity of these sites suggests
people want to have a direct say in product
development. Blockchains take this interest to the
next level, potentially creating crowd-sourced venture
capital funds.
 In 2016, one such experiment, the Ethereum-based
DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization),
raised an astonishing $200 million USD in just over
two months.
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Cont…
 Participants purchased “DAO tokens” allowing them
to vote on smart contract venture capital investments
(voting power was proportionate to the number of
DAO they were holding).

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Cont…
 C. Governance
 By making the results fully transparent and publicly
accessible, distributed database technology could bring full
transparency to elections or any other kind of poll taking.
 Ethereum-based smart contracts help to automate the
process. The app, Boardroom, enables organizational
decision-making to happen on the blockchain.
 In practice, this means company governance becomes fully
transparent and verifiable when managing digital assets,
equity or information.

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Cont…
 D. Supply chain auditing
 Consumers increasingly want to know that the ethical claims
companies make about their products are real. Distributed
ledgers provide an easy way to certify that the backstories of
the things we buy are genuine. Transparency comes with
blockchain-based timestamping of a date and location — on
ethical diamonds, for instance — that corresponds to a product
number.
 The UK-based Provenance offers supply chain auditing for a
range of consumer goods. Making use of the Ethereum
blockchain, a Provenance pilot project ensures that fish sold in
Sushi restaurants in Japan have been sustainably harvested by
its suppliers in Indonesia.

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Cont…
 E. File storage
 Decentralizing file storage on the internet brings clear
benefits. Distributing data throughout the network protects
files from getting hacked or lost.
 Interplanetary File System (IPFS) makes it easy to
conceptualize how a distributed web might operate. Similar to
the way a BitTorrent moves data around the internet,
 IPFS gets rid of the need for centralized client-server
relationships (i.e., the current web). An internet made up of
completely decentralized websites has the potential to speed
up file transfer and streaming times. Such an improvement is
not only convenient. It’s a necessary upgrade to the web’s
currently overloaded content-delivery systems.
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Cloud and quantum computing
 Cloud computing is a means of networking remote
servers that are hosted on the Internet. Rather than
storing and processing data on a local server, or a PC's
hard drive, one of the following three types of cloud
infrastructure is used.
 Three types of clouds:
 A cloud can be private, public, or hybrid
 public cloud third-party service providers that own
and manage large, scalable data centers that offer
computing, data storage, and high speed Internet to
multiple customers who pay for only the resources
they use.
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Cont…
 private cloud provides similar options as public cloud
but only to a single tenant.
 hybrid cloud offers customers both a public cloud and
a private cloud.

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Cloud computing consists of three basic types of services
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS): Customers use
processing, storage, networking, and other computing
resources from third-party providers called cloud
service providers (CSPs) to run their information
systems.

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Cont…
 Software as a service (SaaS): Customers use software
hosted by the vendor on the vendor’s cloud
infrastructure and delivered as a service over a
network.
 Platform as a service (PaaS): Customers use
infrastructure and programming tools supported by the
CSP to develop their own applications.

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Cont…

41
7.4.2. Advantages of cloud computing
 Well, much like with any utility a business benefits
from economy of scale, which means cheap computing
power.
 Because a cloud provider’s hardware and software are
shared, there’s no need for the initial costly capital
investment. And it goes much further than that.
Businesses save on the electricity required 24/7 to
power and cool that computing infrastructure. In effect,
energy costs are shared.

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Cont…
 Cloud providers have vast resources of computing
power. They can allocate these whenever required with
just a few mouse clicks.
 Cloud providers source on a global scale, so they can
deliver the precise bandwidth, storage and power
business needs when it needs it.
 Cloud allows you and multiple users to access your
data from any location. Smartphone, laptop, desktop,
wherever you are, you can access the data you need at
any time.

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Cont…
 With cloud computing a business processes its data
more efficiently, increasing productivity. Maintenance
is much cheaper, often free, so reliability is rarely a
worry. Cloud computing allows CEOs to focus on
running their business.

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7.4.3. Quantum computing
 Computer is an electronic device like the one we are currently
using to read this book. For any resource up to this point that we
have made a computer out of, we can model it with classical
physics — that is, in terms of Newtons’s laws of motion,
Newtonian gravity, and electromagnetism.
 Following this perspective, we will refer to computers that are
described using classical physics as classical computers. This will
help us tell apart the kinds of computers we’re used to (e.g.:
laptops, phones, bread machines, houses, cars, and pacemakers).
 The distinction between classical and quantum computers is
precisely that between classical and quantum physics.

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Cont…
 Quantum computing is the art of using small and well-isolated
devices to usefully transform our data in ways that cannot be
described in terms of classical physics alone.
 One way to build quantum devices is to use small classical
computers such as digital signal processors (DSPs) to control
properties of exotic materials.
 The exotic materials used to build quantum computers have
names that can sound intimidating, like "superconductors" and
"topological insulators.“
 Modern processors are built using materials like
semiconductors. We can use superconductors and topological
insulators to build quantum computers.

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Cont…
 Quantum operations are applied by sending in small amounts of
microwave power and amplifying very small signals coming out
of the quantum device.
 Other qubit devices may differ in the details of how they are
controlled, but what remains consistent is that all quantum
devices are controlled from and read out by classical computers
and control electronics of some kind.
 Qubit is short for a sequence of quantum bits. With a classic
computer, data is stored in tiny transistors that hold a single bit of
information, either the binary value of 1 or 0. With a quantum
computer, the data is stored in qubits. Thanks to the mechanics of
quantum physics, where subatomic particles obey their own laws, a
qubit can exist in two states at the same time. This phenomenon is
called superposition.
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Cont…
 So, a qubit can have a value of 1, 0, or some value between.
Two qubits can hold even more values. Before long, you are
building yourself an exponentially more powerful computer the
more qubits you add.
 After all, we are ultimately interested in classical data, and so
there must eventually be an interface with the classical world.
 For most quantum devices, we need to keep them very cold and
very well isolated, since quantum devices can be very
susceptible to noise.

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Cont…
 By applying quantum operations using embedded classical
hardware, we can manipulate and transform quantum data. The
power of quantum computing then comes from carefully
choosing which operations to apply in order to implement a
useful transformation that solves a problem of interest.

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Cont…
 An example of how a quantum device might interact with a
classical computer through the use of a digital signal processor
(DSP). The DSP sends low-power signals into the quantum
device, and amplifies very low-power signals coming back to
the device.

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Cont…
 Quantum computers, however, are likely to be much more
special-purpose. Just as not all computation runs on graphical
processing units (GPUs) or field-programmable gate arrays
(FPGAs), we expect quantum computers to be somewhat
pointless for some tasks.

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Cont…
 Moreover, quantum physics describes things at very small scales
(both size and energy) that are well-isolated from their
surroundings. This puts some hard limitations to what
environments we can run a quantum computer in. One possible
solution is to keep our quantum devices in cryogenic fridges,
often near absolute 0 K (-459.67 °F, or -273.15 °C).
 While this is not a problem at all to achieve in a data center,
maintaining a dilution refrigerator isn’t really something that
makes sense on a desktop, much less in a laptop or a cell phone.
 For this reason, it’s very likely that quantum computers will, at
least for quite a while after they first become commercially
available, be used through the cloud.

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Cont…
 Currently, the only organization which provides a quantum
computer in the cloud is IBM.
 Google provided the fastest quantum computer with 53qubits
and speed of 200 seconds computation while the supercomputer
took 10000 years.
 Qubit is short for a sequence of quantum bits. With a classic
computer, data is stored in tiny transistors that hold a single bit
of information, either the binary value of 1 or 0. With a quantum
computer, the data is stored in qubits.
 Thanks to the mechanics of quantum physics, where subatomic
particles obey their own laws, a qubit can exist in two states at
the same time. This phenomenon is called superposition.

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Cont…
 So, a qubit can have a value of 1, 0, or some value between.
Two qubits can hold even more values. Before long, you are
building yourself an exponentially more powerful computer the
more qubits you add.

54
7.4.4. Advantages of quantum computing
 Getting a quantum computer to function usefully is an exciting
prospect for scientists. Their gargantuan computing power
would allow them to crunch very long numbers. They would be
able to make complex calculations that would only overwhelm
classic computers.
 Accessing a cloud-based quantum computer combines the
benefits of both technologies exponentially. Quantum
computing could help in the discovery of new drugs, by
unlocking the complex structure of chemical molecules. Other
uses include financial trading, risk management, and supply
chain optimization. With its ability to handle more complex
numbers, data could be transferred over the internet with much
safer encryption.
55
7.4.4. Advantages of quantum computing
 Getting a quantum computer to function usefully is an exciting
prospect for scientists. Their gargantuan computing power
would allow them to crunch very long numbers. They would be
able to make complex calculations that would only overwhelm
classic computers.
 Accessing a cloud-based quantum computer combines the
benefits of both technologies exponentially. Quantum
computing could help in the discovery of new drugs, by
unlocking the complex structure of chemical molecules. Other
uses include financial trading, risk management, and supply
chain optimization. With its ability to handle more complex
numbers, data could be transferred over the internet with much
safer encryption.
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[Link] computing (AC)
 Autonomic computing (AC) is an approach to address the
complexity and evolution problems in software systems. It is a
self-managing computing model named after, and patterned on,
the human body's autonomic nervous system.
 An autonomic computing system would control the functioning
of computer applications and systems without input from the
user, in the same way, that the autonomic nervous system
regulates body systems without conscious input from the
individual.
 The goal of autonomic computing is to create systems that run
themselves, capable of high-level functioning while keeping the
system's complexity invisible to the user.

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Cont…
 Initiated by IBM in 2001, this initiative ultimately aimed to
develop computer systems capable of self-management, to
overcome the rapidly growing complexity of computing system
management, and to reduce the barrier that complexity poses to
further growth.

58
7.5.1. Characteristics of Autonomic Systems
 An autonomic system can self-configure at runtime to meet
changing operating environments, self tune to optimize its
performance, self-heal when it encounters unexpected obstacles
during its operation, and of particular current interest.
 Protect itself from malicious attacks. An autonomic system can
self-manage anything including a single property or multiple
properties.

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Cont…

60
Cont…
 Autonomic systems/applications exhibit eight defining
characteristics:
 Self-Awareness
 Self-Configuring
 Self-Optimizing
 Self-Healing
 Self-Protecting
 Context-Aware
 Open: portable across multiple hardware and software
architectures
 Anticipatory

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[Link] vision
 7.6.1. History
 The origins of computer vision are traced back to a 1966
summer project at MIT, led by professor Seymour Papert. The
project aimed to connect a camera to a computer and have the
machine "describe what it saw," which laid the groundwork for
the entire field by tackling fundamental problems like
identifying and separating objects from an image.
 The work done that summer established the foundational
problems that the field of computer vision continues to address
today, such as edge detection and basic object recognition.

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Cont…

63
Cont…
 Early experiments in computer vision took place in the 1950s,
using some of the first neural networks to detect the edges of an
object and to sort simple objects into categories like circles and
squares.
 In the 1970s, the first commercial use of computer vision
interpreted typed or handwritten text using optical character
recognition. This advancement was used to interpret written text
forthe blind.
 As the internet matured in the 1990s, making large sets of
images available online for analysis, facial recognition
programs flourished. These growing data sets helped make it
possible for machines to identify specific people in photos and
videos.
64
7.6.2. Definition
 It is an interdisciplinary scientific field that deals with how
computers can be made to gain a highlevel understanding of digital
images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to
automate tasks that the human visual system can do.
 Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring, processing,
analyzing and understanding digital images, and extraction of high-
dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical
or symbolic information, e.g. in the forms of decisions.
Understanding in this context means the transformation of visual
images (the input of the retina) into descriptions of the world that
can interface with other thought processes and elicit appropriate
action. This image understanding can be seen as the disentangling
of symbolic information from image data using models constructed
with the aid of geometry, physics, statistics, and learning theory.
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Cont…
 This image understanding can be seen as the disentangling of
symbolic information from image data using models constructed
with the aid of geometry, physics, statistics, and learning theory.
 Another way to define computer vision is through its
applications. Computer vision is building algorithms that can
understand the content of images and use it for other
applications.

66
7.6.3. How computer vision works
1. Acquiring an image: Images, even large sets, can be acquired in
real-time through video, photos or 3D technology for analysis.
2. Processing the image: Deep learning models automate much of
this process, but the models are often trained by first being fed
thousands of labeled or pre-identified images.
3. Understanding the image: The final step is the interpretative
step, where an object is identified or classified.

67
There are many types of computer vision that
are used in different ways:
 Image segmentation partitions an image into multiple regions or
pieces to be examined separately.
 Object detection identifies a specific object in an image.
Advanced object detection recognizes many objects in a single
image: a football field, an offensive player, a defensive player, a
ball and so on. These models use an X, Y coordinate to create a
bounding box and identify everything inside the box.
 Facial recognition is an advanced type of object detection that
not only recognizes a human face in an image but identifies a
specific individual.

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Cont…
 Edge detection is a technique used to identify the outside edge
of an object or landscape to better identify what is in the image.
 Pattern detection is a process of recognizing repeated shapes,
colors and other visual indicators in images.
 Image classification groups images into different categories.
 Feature matching is a type of pattern detection that matches
similarities in images to help classify them.
 Self-driving cars

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7.6.4. Applications of computer vision
 Computer vision is being used today in a wide variety of real-
world applications, which include:
 Optical character recognition (OCR): reading handwritten postal
codes on letters and automatic number plate recognition
(ANPR);
 Machine inspection: rapid parts inspection for quality
assurance using stereo vision with specialized illumination to
measure tolerances on aircraft wings or auto body parts or
looking for defects in steel castings using X-ray vision;
 Retail: object recognition for automated checkout lanes
 Medical imaging: registering pre-operative and intra-
operative imagery or performing long-term studies of
people’s brain morphology as they age;
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Cont…
 Automotive safety: detecting unexpected obstacles such as pedestrians
on the street, under conditions where active vision techniques
such as radar or lidar do not work well.
 Surveillance: monitoring for intruders, analyzing highway
traffic, and monitoring pools for drowning victims;
 Fingerprint recognition and biometrics: for automatic access
authentication as well as forensic applications

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[Link] systems
 It is a controller with a dedicated function within a larger
mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing
constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts.
 Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured are
used in embedded systems.

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Cont…
 Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers
(i.e. microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral
interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips
for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common,
especially in more complex systems.
 In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from
general-purpose to those specialized in a certain class of
computations, or even custom designed for the application at
hand.
 A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital
signal processor (DSP).

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7.7.1. Advantages and disadvantages of embedded system
 Advantages of Embedded
 Easily Customizable
 Low power consumption
 Low cost
 Enhanced performance
 Disadvantages of Embedded systems
 High development effort
 Larger time to market

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7.7.2. Basic Structure of an Embedded
System

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[Link]
 7.8.1. Definition
 It is the protection of computer systems from the theft of or
damage to their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well
as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they
provide.
 Cybersecurity is often confused with information security but it
focuses on protecting computer systems from unauthorized
access or being otherwise damaged or made inaccessible.
Information security is a broader category that looks to protect
all information assets, whether in hard copy or in digital form.

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7.8.2. Cybersecurity measures
 The following are some security measures to be taken to prevent
cybercrimes:
 Staff awareness training
 Application security
 Network security
 Leadership commitment
 Password management

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7.8.3. Types of cybersecurity threats
 Ransomware
 Malware
 Social engineering
 Phishing

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7.8.4. Benefits of cybersecurity
 Benefits of utilizing cybersecurity include:
 Business protection against malware, ransomware, phishing, and social
engineering.
 Protection for data and networks.
 Prevention of unauthorized users.
 Improves recovery time after a breach.
 Protection for end-users.
 Improved confidence in the product for both developers and
customers.

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7.8.5. Cybersecurity vendors
 Vendors in cybersecurity fields will typically use endpoint,
network and advanced threat protection security as well as data
loss prevention. Three commonly known cybersecurity vendors
include Cisco, McAfee, and Trend Micro.

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[Link] manufacturing (3D Printing)
 Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D
printing, is a revolutionary process that builds three-
dimensional objects layer by layer from a digital 3D model.
This technique contrasts with traditional subtractive
manufacturing methods, which involve removing material from
a solid block.
 Today our concept of “3D printing” is much broader, but the
term is often associated with filament-based plastic printers. But
there are also binder jet printers, laser metal 3D printers, as well
as glass and clay 3D printers.

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Cont…
 The 3D printing additive manufacturing process transforms
digital geometry into physical reality through controlled, layer-
based fabrication. It’s a method defined not by what it removes,
but by what it adds — and how precisely that addition is
executed.
 Additive manufacturing (AM) describes types of advanced
manufacturing that are used to create three-dimensional
structures out of plastics, metals, polymers and other materials
that can be sprayed through a nozzle or aggregated in a vat.
These constructs are added layer by layer in realtime based on
digital design. The simplicity and low cost of AM machines,
combined with the scope of their potential creations, could
profoundly alter global and local economies and affect
international security.
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 Thank you

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