Chapter 9

Solids and Fluids

• Elasticity
• Archimedes Principle
• Bernoulli’s Equation
 States of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasmas
 Solids: Stress and Strain

Stress = Measure of force felt by material

Force
Stress =
Area
• SI units are Pascals, 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(same as pressure)
 Solids: Stress and Strain

Strain = Measure of deformation F

ΔL
Strain = L
L A

• dimensionless

L
 Young’s Modulus (Tension)

F
tensile stress
F
( A) L
Y= A
(ΔL L)
tensile strain

• Measure of stiffness
• Tensile refers to tension
 Example 9.1
King Kong (a 8.0x104-kg monkey) swings from
a 320-m cable from the Empire State building.
If the 3.0-cm diameter cable is made of steel
(Y=1.8x1011 Pa), by how much will the cable
stretch?

1.97 m
Shear Modulus
Sheer Stress
F
( A)
S=
(Δx h) Sheer Strain
 Bulk Modulus

ΔF ΔP Change in Pressure
B =− A =−
ΔV ΔV ) Volume Strain
V ( V

B =Y 3
Pascals as units for Pressure

F 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
P=
A
 Example 9.2

A large solid steel (Y=1.8x1011 Pa) block (L 5 m,

W=4 m, H=3 m) is submerged in the Mariana
Trench where the pressure is 7.5x107 Pa.

a) By what percentage does the length change?

-0.041 %
b) What are the changes in the length, width and
-2.08 mm, -1.67 mm, -1.25 mm
height?

c) By what percentage does the volume change?

-0.125%
 Solids and Liquids

• Solids have Young’s, Bulk, and Shear

moduli
• Liquids have only bulk moduli
 Ultimate Strength
• Maximum F/A before fracture or crumbling
• Different for compression and tension
Densities

M
ρ=
V
 Density and Specific Gravity

• Densities depend on temperature,

pressure...
• Specific gravity = ratio of density to
density of H2O at 4 C.
 Example 9.3

The specific gravity of gold is 19.3. What is the

mass (in kg) and weight (in lbs.) of 1 cubic
meter of gold?

19,300 kg
42549 lbs
Pressure & Pascal’s Principle
F
P= “Pressure applied to any
A
part of an enclosed fluid is
transmitted undimished to
every point of the fluid and
to the walls of the container”

Each face feels same force

 Transmitting
Hydraulic press
force
F1 F2
P= =
A1 A2

An applied force F1
can be “amplified”:

A2
F2 = F1
A1
Examples: hydraulic
brakes, forklifts, car
lifts, etc.
Pressure and Depth
w is weight
w = Mg = ρV g = ρAhg

Sum forces to zero,

PA −P0 A−w =0

Factor A
P = P0 + ρgh
Example 9.5 (skip)
Find the pressure at 10,000 m of water.
DATA: Atmospheric pressure = 1.015x105 Pa.

9.82x107 Pa
 Example 9.6

Assume the ultimate strength of legos is

4.0x104 Pa. If the density of legos is 150 kg/m3,
what is
the maximum possible height for a lego tower?

27.2 m
Example 9.7
Estimate the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere
given that atmospheric pressure is
1.015x105 Pa.
Data: Rearth=6.36x106 m

5.26x1018 kg
 Archimedes Principle
Any object completely or partially submerged in
a fluid is buoyed up by a force whose
magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
 Example
9.8
A helicopter lowers a probe into Lake Michigan
which
is suspended on a cable. The probe has a mass
of 500 kg and its average density is 1400
kg/m3. What is the tension in the cable?

1401 N
 Example 9.9a
A wooden ball of mass M and volume V floats
on a swimming pool. The density of the wood
is wood <H20. The buoyant force acting on the
ball is:
a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (H20-wood)gV upward
 Example 9.9b
A steel ball of mass M and volume V rests on
the bottom of a swimming pool. The density of
the steel is steel >H20. The buoyant force acting
on the ball is:
a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (steel-H20)gV upward
 Example 9.10
A small swimming pool has an area of 10
square meters. A wooden 4000-kg statue of
density 500 kg/m3 is then floated on top of
the pool. How far does the water rise?

Data: Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

40 cm
 Floating Coke Demo (SKIP)
The can will

a) Float
b) Sink
 Paint Thinner Demo (SKIP)
When I pour in the paint thinner, the cylinder
will:

a) Rise
b) Fall
 Equation of Continuity
What goes in must come out!
mass density
ΔM = ρ AΔx = ρ AvΔt

Mass that passes a point

in pipe during time t

Eq. of Continuity

ρ1 A1v1 = ρ2 A2 v2
 Example 9.11
Water flows through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe
at 5 cm/s. The pipe then narrows
downstream and has a diameter of of 2.0
cm. What is the velocity of the water
through the smaller pipe?

20 cm/s
 Laminar or Streamline Flow

• Fluid elements
move along smooth
paths
• Friction in laminar
flow is called
viscosity
 Turbulence

• Fluid elements move along irregular paths

• Sets in for high velocity gradients (small
pipes)
 Ideal Fluids
• Laminar Flow -> No turbulence
• Non-viscous -> No friction between fluid layers
• Incompressible -> Density is same everywhere
 Bernoulli’s Equation

1 2
P + ρv + ρgy=constant
2

Sum of P, KE/V and PE/V is constant

How can we derive

this?
 Bernoulli’s Equation: derivation
Consider a volume V of mass M of incompressible
fluid, 1 1
ΔKE = Mv22 − Mv12
2 2
1 1
= ρΔVv2 − ρΔVv12
2
2 2
ΔPE = Mgy2 − Mgy1
= ρΔVgy2 − ρΔVgy1
W = F1Δx1 −F2 Δx2
= P1 A1Δx1 −P2 A2 Δx2
= P1ΔV −P2 ΔV
1 2 1 2
P1 + ρgh1 + ρv1 = P2 + ρgh2 + ρv2
2 2
 Example
9.12

A very large pipe Venturi Meter

carries water with a
very slow velocity and
empties into a small
pipe with a high
velocity. If P2 is 7000
Pa lower than P1, what
is the velocity of the
water in the small
pipe?

3.74 m/s
 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

•Venturi meter
•Curve balls
•Airplanes

Beach Ball & Straws Demos

 Example 9.13a

nsider an ideal incompressible fluid,

oose >, < or =

____ 2

a) =
b) <
c) >
 Example 9.13b

onsider an ideal incompressible fluid,

hoose >, < or =

Mass that passes “1” in one second

_____ mass that passes “2” in one second
a) =
b) <
c) >
 Example 9.13c

nsider an ideal incompressible fluid,

oose >, < or =

____ v2

a) =
b) <
c) >
 Example 9.13d

nsider an ideal incompressible fluid,

oose >, < or =

P1 ____ P2
a) =
b) <
c) >
 Example 9.14 a
Water drains out of the bottom of a
cooler at 3 m/s, what is the depth
of the water above the valve? b

45.9 cm
 Three Vocabulary Words

•Viscosity
•Diffusion
•Osmosis
 Viscosity
v
F =ηA
d

•Friction between the

layers
•Pressure drop required to
force water through pipes
(Poiselle’s Law)
•At high enough v/d,
turbulence sets in
 Diffusion
• Molecules move from region of high
concentration to region of low
concentration
• Fick’s Law: Mass ⎛ C −C ⎞ 2 1
Diffusion rate = = DA⎜ ⎟⎠
tim e ⎝ L

• D = diffusion
coefficient
 Osmosis
Movement of water through a boundary
while denying passage to specific
molecules, e.g. salts