The history of atomic structure
（（[Link] (James Chadwick)
[Link] ）） （ [Link])
1897 1917 1932 time line
The atom
You cannot see them,
yet they make up
everything…
The atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that retains its identity in a chemical reaction.
Theories Over Time
The modern model of the atom has developed
slowly over time as many philosophers and
scientists contributed to the theory.
A. Democritus
•Democritus was a Greek
philosopher who theorized
that all matter was made of
indivisible particles called
atoms.
•Democritus of Abdera,
about 460-370 BCE
B. Dalton’s Model(1803)
All matter is made up of atoms.
• This theory became
Atoms areone
indivisible –(later
of the
proved wrong)
foundations of
Atoms modern chemistry.
of the same element are
exactly alike (later proved wrong)
and are different from atoms of
other elements.
• John Dalton 1766-1844
Discovered atoms contain negatively
charged particles called electrons
cathode rays deflect toward a positive
plate
•“J.J.” Thomson
1856-1940
Atoms were made from
a positively charged
substance with negatively
charged electrons
scattered about, like
raisins in a pudding.
• Ernest Rutherford
1871- 1937 •Because most of the particles passed
through the foil, they concluded that
1/10,000 alpha particles deflect from the gold foil
•Because so few particles
were deflected, they
proposed that the atom
has a small, dense,
positively charged central
core, called a nucleus.
•the atomic
•(1 trillionth
nucleus of the atom)
Bohr suggested that
electrons move in definite
orbits around the nucleus,
much like planets circle the
sun. These orbits, or energy
levels, are located at certain
distances from the nucleus.
•Niels Bohr 1885-1962
•The current atomic
theory states that there
are regions inside an
atom where electrons
are likely to be found.
•These regions are
called electron clouds.
•Electron Cloud Model
What particles are atoms
made of?
•electron
•nucleus
•proton •Electron
shells
•neutron •(energy
levels)
Mass and electrical
charge
number of protons = number of electrons
Atomic symbol
mass
number Number of
(A)
neutrons = A - Z
atomic
number
(Z)
Atomic number = number of protons
(= number of electrons)
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
Definitions
atomic number or proton number (Z):
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
nucleon number(A) or mass number:
the total number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom.
Isotopes and isotopic symbol
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain different
numbers of neutrons.
•mass number
is different
•atomic
number is the
•carbon-12 same •carbon-13
Isotopes of a particular element have identical chemical
properties because they have identical electronic configurations.
They have slightly different physical properties, such as a
small difference in density.
Quick Quiz.
1. Which of the following is
TRUE about subatomic particles?
[Link] and neutrons are positively
charged
[Link] have practically no mass
[Link] and electrons are in the
nucleus
[Link] and electrons have no
charge
Quick Quiz.
2. Most of the volume of the
atom is occupied by the
________________.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] and neutrons