Networking

Module 6

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 What is a network?
• A network is simply a group of two or more
computers linked together to share:
– A single printer between computers
– A single Internet connection
– Share files (FTP)
– Play games that allow multiple users at
different computers

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 What Types of Networks Exist?
• Local Area Networks • Peer to Peer Networks
– In a LAN, computers – Each computer has
are connected together equivalent capabilities
within a "local" area and responsibilities.
(for example, an office – Very simple
or home). • Server Based Networks
• Wide Area Networks – in which some
– In a WAN, computers computers are dedicated
are farther apart and to serving the others.
are connected

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 Network Topologies
• There are four principal topologies used in
LANs.
– bus
– ring
– star (ethernet)
– tree

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 Media
• The cables linking workstations together.
• There are many different types of
transmission media:
– the most popular being twisted-pair wire
(normal electrical wire)
– coaxial cable (the type of cable used for cable
television)
– and fiber optic cable (cables made out of glass).

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 Twisted Pair
• Cables connect network devices together
• Wall outlet or patch panel connect cable segments
• CAT5 UTP cable typical within LANs
– RJ45 connector on each end
– Four twisted wire pairs, only two pairs used (transmit, receive)
• Patch CAT5 UTP
– Wire color order same at each end
– Use to connect dissimilar devices
• Crossover CAT5 UTP
– Wire color order differs at each end
– Use to connect similar devices

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 Fiber Optic
• A technology that consists of a bundle of glass
threads (fibers), each of which is capable of
transmitting messages modulated onto light waves
– Advantages over traditional metal communications lines:
– Much greater bandwidth than metal cables.
– Less susceptible than metal cables to interference.
– Thinner and lighter than metal wires.
– Data can be transmitted digitally rather than analogically.
– Disadvantage
• Expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire
and are difficult to split.

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 Hardware
• Network Cards
• Hub
• Switch
• Router

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 Hub
• A common connection point for devices in
a network.
– Hubs are commonly used to connect segments
of a LAN.
– A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet
arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports
so that all segments of the LAN can see all
packets.

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 Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Internal PC interface
to network
• Requires PCI or ISA
slot (NIC type
dependent)
• Unique 6 byte address
(MAC, NIC, physical,
hardware, burned-in)

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 Switch
• In networks, a device that filters and
forwards packets between LAN segments.
Switches operate at the data link layer
(layer 2) and sometimes the network layer
(layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model and
therefore support any packet protocol.
– LANs that use switches to join segments are
called switched LANs or, in the case of
Ethernet networks, switched Ethernet LANs.
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 Router
• Routers are specialized computers that send your
messages, and those of every other Internet user, speeding
to their destinations along thousands of pathways. When
information needs to travel between networks, routers
determine how to get it there. A router has two separate
but related jobs:
– It ensures that information doesn't go where it's not needed. This is
crucial for keeping large volumes of data from clogging the
connections of "innocent bystanders."
– It makes sure that information makes it to the intended
destination(s).
– [Link]

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 Protocol
• An agreed-upon format for transmitting
data between two devices. The protocol
determines the following:
– the type of error checking to be used
– data compression method, if any
– how the sending device will indicate that it has
finished sending a message
– how the receiving device will indicate that it
has received a message
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 TCP/IP
• Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
• Evolved into networking software
communications standard
• Supports wide range of applications and services
– HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for web pages
– FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
– SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for e-mail
– SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
• Used by Hologic networking products

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 TCP/ IP
• IP
– is responsible for moving packets of data from node to
node.
– IP forwards each packet based on a four byte
destination address (the IP number)
• TCP
– is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data
from client to server. Data can be lost in the
intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect
errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the
data is correctly and completely received.

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 TCP/IP
• IP by itself is something like the postal
system. It allows you to address a package
and drop it in the system, but there's no
direct link between you and the recipient.
• TCP enables two hosts to establish a
connection and exchange streams of data.
TCP guarantees delivery of data and also
guarantees that packets will be delivered in
the same order in which they were sent.

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 Packets
• A piece of a message • Packets have three
transmitted over a packet- Components
switching network.
– Header
– One of the key features of a
packet is that it contains the • MAC Address
destination address in • Source IP
addition to the data. In IP • Destination IP
networks, packets are often – Data
called datagrams.
• Packets can be seen used – Trailer
• CRC
during a “ping”.
• ensures that data is sent
and received correctly.

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 Fault Tolerance
• RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive
Devices)
– on-line duplication of data lines within the
server providing real time redundancy.

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 Ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : wrandolph-3398
Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . :
Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : [Link]

Description . . . . . . . . . . . : 3Com 3C920 Integrated Fast Ethernet Controller (3C905C-TX Compatible) #2
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-B0-D0-6D-86-97
Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : [Link]
[Link]
Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : [Link]

Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Friday, February 20, 2004 1:26:27 PM

Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Friday, February 20, 2004 9:26:27 PM

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 Networking Acronyms
• DNS
– Domain Name Server
• DHCP
– Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• WINS
– Windows Internet Naming Service
• ARP
– Address Resolution Protocol
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 TCP/ IP Properties

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 IP Address
• Unique address that defines each network device
• Representation
– The format of an IP address is a 32-bit numeric address written as
four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to
255.
– 4 octet decimal number
• [Link]
– 32-bit binary number
• 11001110. 01110111.00111000. 10111001
• Divided into two parts
– Network address or “netid”
– Host address assigned by local administrator or “hostid”

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 Decimal to Binary
• Decimal system represents numbers using
10 numbers
– 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Binary system represents numbers using 2
numbers
– 0, 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Decimal
equivalent
128 0 32 0 8 0 2 0 170

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 IP Address Classes
Max Networks Max Hosts
(netid) (hostid)
A 1-126
126 16,777,214 = 224

B 128-191 0-255 16,382 65,534

2,097,152 254
C 192-223 0-255 0-255

•Class A - supports 16 million hosts on each of 126 networks

•Class B - supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks
•Class C - supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks
Reserved addresses:
[Link] (reserved for loopback testing - ping self)

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 Private Subnets
• There are three IP network addresses reserved for
private networks.
– The addresses are [Link]
– [Link]
– [Link]
• They can be used by anyone setting up internal IP
networks, such as a lab or home LAN behind a
NAT or a router.
– Routers on the Internet will never forward packets
coming from these addresses
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 Subnetting
• Subnetting is a technique used to allow a single IP
network address to span multiple physical networks.
• IP hosts should support subnetting.
• Subnetting is done by using some of the bits of the
host-id part of the IP address as a physical network
identifier.
• The subnet mask is used to determine the bits of the
network identifier.
• All hosts on the same network should have the same
subnet mask.

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 Subnet Mask
• IP address consists of two subaddresses, one identifying the
network (netid) and the other identifying the host (hostid) to
the network, with an imaginary boundary separating the two.
• The location of the boundary between the netid and hostid is
determined through the use of a subnet mask.
– A subnet mask is another 32-bit binary number, which acts like a
filter when it is applied to the 32-bit IP address.
– By comparing a subnet mask with an IP address, systems can
determine which portion of the IP address relates to the network, and
which portion relates to the host.
• Anywhere the subnet mask has a bit set to "1", the underlying bit in the
IP address is part of the network address.
• Anywhere the subnet mask is set to "0", the related bit in the IP address
is part of the host address.

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 Subnet Mask (example)
IP Address – [Link]
11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000
Subnet Mask – [Link]
Subnet Address – [Link]
Host ranges- [Link] – [Link]
1 network with 28 hosts (254 hosts)

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 Subnet Mask (example)
IP Address – [Link]
Subnet Mask – [Link]
Subnet Address – [Link]
Host ranges- [Link]-[Link]
1 network with 27 hosts (126 hosts)

IP Address – [Link]
Subnet Mask – [Link]
Subnet Address – [Link]
Host ranges- [Link] – [Link]
Another network with 27 hosts (126 hosts)
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 Slash prefix
• Classless Inter-Domain Routing. CIDR was developed in the 1990s as
a standard scheme for routing IP addresses.

• [Link]/24
– 24 bit network with 254 (28)hosts
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 subnet mask
• [Link]/25
– 25 bit network with 126 (27) hosts
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 subnet mask
• [Link]/26
– 26 bit network with 62 (26) hosts
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 subnet mask
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.01000000 subnet mask
– 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 subnet mask

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Common Subnet Masks and Their Host Counts

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 Network Address Translation (NAT)

• Network Address Translation

– an Internet standard that enables a local-area network (LAN) to
use one set of IP addresses for internal traffic and a second set of
addresses for external traffic.
– A NAT box located where the LAN meets the Internet makes all
necessary IP address translations.
• NAT serves three main purposes:
– Provides a type of firewall by hiding internal IP addresses
– Enables a company to use more internal IP addresses.
• Since they're used internally only, there's no possibility of conflict
with IP addresses used by other companies and organizations.
– Allows a company to combine multiple ISDN connections into a
single Internet connection.
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 Default router
• The IP address of the default router on your
local subnet.
– The address is used to configure an entry for
the router in the routing table.
– This entry allows it to send IP packets via the
router out of the local subnet.

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 Port
• In TCP/IP and UDP • Common Ports
networks, an endpoint – 21 - File Transfer
to a logical Protocol
connection. – 23 - Telnet
– The port number – 25 - SMTP (email)
identifies what type of – 80 - HTPP (browser)
port it is. – 104 - DICOM
– For example, port 80 is – 8080 - Browser
used for HTTP traffic. (service tools)

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 Console/Laptop Communications
• Crossover Cable & TCP/IP Setup
• HTTP for Service Tools/Admin Access
• FTP for File Transfers (Internet Explorer or
Command Prompt Methods)
• TELNET for Terminal Window

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 Remote Communications
• Change the TCP/IP settings
– No DHCP
– Use IP Address that is one off of the consoles
• Modes
– HTTP
• [Link]
– FTP
• [Link]
– Telnet
• from C: prompt
• telnet IPaddress
– Moving files
• pg. 9-113 Operator Console Service Manual
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 Telnet
• A terminal emulation program for TCP/IP
networks.
– Runs on your computer and connects your PC
to another computer on the network.
– You can then enter commands and they will be
executed as if you were entering them directly
on the server console.

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 Telnet
• To start a Telnet session,
– Start/ Run
– Type “telnet IPAddress”
– Log in with username and
password.

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 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• A standard protocol for transferring files
between computers over a network
• Can be accomplished via
– ftp command
• DOS or terminal window
– WS_FTP
• Windows

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 Web Interfaces
• The following devices have browser enabled
interfaces
– Selenia
• [Link]
– Brick
• [Link]
– UPS
• [Link]
– R2
• [Link]
– iCAD
• [Link]
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 Training Network
AWS
AWS
AWS AWS
CAD

SV-DX

MIMS Printer

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