ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM
The Endocrine System
The endocrine system is
composed of different glands
which secrete hormones that
regulate metabolism, growth
and development, mood, and
reproduction.
Metabolism
Metabolism- is how your body turns
food and drink into energy to keep
you alive and functioning. It’s made
up of all the chemical processes
happening in your body’s cells every
second. These processes help you
breathe, move, heal and more.
Keeping these processes balanced is
called homeostasis. It’s what keeps
your body running smoothly.
What does your metabolism
do?

 Breathing
 Circulating blood
 Digesting food
 Growing and repairing cells.
 Managing hormone levels
 Regulating body
Hormones
Are chemical messengers that
are secreted directly into the
blood, which carries them to
organs and tissues of the body
to exert their functions.
Secreted by endocrine glands.
A target cell for hormones is a specific
cell that has receptors for a particular
hormone, allowing it to respond to
hormonal signals and regulate various
physiological processes.

The interaction between hormones and

target cells is crucial for the regulation of
various physiological processes, as only
cells with the appropriate receptors can
be affected by specific hormonal
messages.
•MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN THE BODY:
•Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located at the base of the
brain, near the optic chiasm where the optic
nerves behind each eye cross and meet. The
hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate
or suppress the release of hormones in the
pituitary gland, in addition to controlling water
balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood
pressure.
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is located
below the brain. Usually no
larger than a pea, the gland
controls many functions of
the other endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland
Produces hormones that stimulate growth,
and controls the functions of other glands.
Also known as MASTER GLAND. It produces
the following hormones:
Oxytocin
Growth Hormones (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Antidiuretic hormone (AH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Pineal gland
The pineal gland is located
below the corpus callosum,
in the middle of the brain. It
produces the hormone
melatonin, which helps the
body know when it's time to
sleep.
Melatonin is a natural hormone produced by
the pineal gland in the brain, primarily
responsible for regulating sleep-wake cycles
and circadian rhythms.

Circadian rhythm is the pattern your body

follows based on a 24-hour day — it’s the
name given to your body’s internal clock. This
rhythm tells your body when to sleep and
when to wake up. It also affects several other
body processes, like your hormones, digestion
and body temperature. It’s like you have a tiny
conductor inside your body, orchestrating a
Thyroid Gland
 The thyroid gland and
parathyroid glands are located
in front of the neck, below the
larynx (voice box). The thyroid
plays an important role in the
body's metabolism.
Parathyroid Gland
The parathyroid glands
play an important role in
the regulation of the
body's calcium balance.
Produces parathormone
5. Thymus Gland
The thymus is located in the
upper part of the chest and
produces white blood cells that
fight infections and destroy
abnormal cells.
Produces thymosin
Adrenal gland
An adrenal gland is located on
top of each kidney.
The adrenal glands make and
release corticosteroid hormones
and epinephrine that maintain
blood pressure and regulate
metabolism and stress reaction.
Pancreas
 The pancreas is located across the
back of the abdomen, behind the
stomach. The pancreas plays a role
in digestion, as well as hormone
production.
Hormones produced by the
pancreas include insulin and
glucagon, which regulate levels of
blood sugar.
Ovary
 Produces hormones that
influence development of the
secondary female sexual
characteristics, and maturation
of the egg cells and ovulation. In
addition to containing the egg
cells necessary for reproduction,
the ovaries also produce estrogen
and progesterone.
Testis
Produces hormones that
control maturation of
sperm and development
of the secondary male
sexual characteristics;
The testes produce
testosterone and sperm
The Role of Hormones Male Reproductive Systems
 Testosterone

● It is responsible for the secondary sexual

characteristics that develop in the male during
adolescence period.
 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
● It is made in the hypothalamus and travels to
the pituitary where it stimulates FSH and LH
secretion. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) ● It
stimulates spermatogenesis and testicular
growth.
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
● It stimulates the production of testosterone
The Role of Hormones in the Female
Reproductive System
Estrogen
● It promotes the maturation and release of an ovum in every
menstrual cycle.
● It is responsible for the development of female secondary
sexual characteristics. Progesterone
● Its function is to prepare the endometrium (lining of the uterus)
for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum.
● It also suppresses the production of estrogen after ovulation
has occurred.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
● It causes the release of two important hormones, the Follicle-
stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone from the pituitary
gland
Effects of Hormones at the onset of
Puberty
Testosterone (Male) Estrogen (Female)

Regulate sexual drive Regulate the menstrual

cycle
Deepening of voice Broadening of the pelvis

Growth of facial, axillary, Growth of pubic and axillary

and pubic hair hair

Muscle mass and strength Development of breasts

Production of red blood cells Further development of

and sperm uterus and vagina
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
● It causes the release of two important
hormones, the Follicle-stimulating hormone and
Luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
● It stimulates development of the maturing
ovarian follicle and controls ovum production in
the female.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
● It stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen
and progesterone.
● It triggers ovulation (the release of a mature
ovum from the ovary)
Progesterone is responsible for preparing
the uterus for pregnancy, preventing early
uterine contractions, and supporting fetal
development. Progesterone is produced
by the corpus luteum inside the ovaries
after ovulation and aids in menstrual cycle
regulation and mood balance.

Estrogen levels play a key role in initiating

and regulating the menstrual cycle, breast
development, and fertility. In addition to
their role in pregnancy, estrogens support
bone and cardiovascular health and can
Testosterone is one of the key hormones for women,
aiding in sexual function, muscle and bone health, and
mood. That’s right, testosterone isn’t just for men; it
benefits women, too! Without adequate testosterone, you
can experience a decreased sex drive and low energy.

Oxytocin, also called the “love hormone,” is a perfect

example. Although its role in reproductive health is
important, triggering contractions during labor, promoting
milk let-down when nursing, and returning the uterus to its
pre-pregnancy size, it doesn’t stop there. Oxytocin is critical
for social bonding, contributing to feelings of empathy,
trust, and love. It can help reduce anxiety and stress levels
and contribute to positive mental health.
Prolactin - aids in menstrual cycle
regulation, interacting with LH and FSH to
promote ovulation. It’s also essential in
lactation, helping maintain and produce an
adequate milk supply. Prolactin also has a
part in immune system regulation, stress
response, and metabolism, making it
another important female hormone.
The menstrual cycle is a term
to describe the sequence of
events that occur in your body
as it prepares for the possibility
of pregnancy each month. Your
menstrual cycle is the time
from the first day of your
menstrual period until the first
day of your next menstrual
Phases of the menstrual cycle

1. Menstruation
The uterus lining sheds and flows out of
vagina. It contains blood, mucus and some
cells from the lining of the uterus. The
average length of a period is 3 to 7 days.
2. The follicular phase
The follicular phase starts on the first day of
your period and lasts for 13 to 14 days.
Changing hormone levels cause the lining of
your uterus to thicken and follicles to grow on
the surface of the ovaries. Usually only one
3. Ovulation
Ovulation is when a mature egg is
released from an ovary. This usually
happens once a month, about 2 weeks
before your next period.

4. The luteal phase

After ovulation, the egg travels
through the fallopian tubes to your
uterus. The uterus lining continues to
thicken in preparation for pregnancy.
1. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
(GnRH):
Source: Produced in the hypothalamus.
Function: Stimulates the anterior pituitary
gland to release FSH and LH, initiating the
hormonal cascade that regulates male
reproduction.
2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
Source: Secreted by the anterior pituitary
gland.
Function: Essential for sperm maturation and
stimulates Sertoli cells in the testes, which
3. Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
Source: Also secreted by the anterior pituitary
gland.
Function: Stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to
produce testosterone, which is vital for male
sexual function and the development of
secondary sexual characteristics.
4. Testosterone:
Source: Primarily produced in the testes by
Leydig cells, with a small amount produced by
the adrenal glands.
Function: Responsible for the development of
male reproductive tissues, the production of
sperm, and the maintenance of male secondary
sexual characteristics such as increased muscle
5. Inhibin:
Source: Produced by Sertoli cells in the
testes.
Function: Provides negative feedback to
the pituitary gland to regulate FSH
secretion, thus helping to control sperm
production.
ACTIVITIES:
Complete the table below:
GLAND HORMONE Role/ Functions in
the Body
[Link] gland is located at the
base of the brain and
stimulates growth.
(P _ T _ I _ A _Y)
[Link] is a gland that secretes
adrenaline hormone which
affects the heart rate.
(A _ R _ N _ L)
3. This refers to the group of glands
that releases hormones into the
body.
(E _ D _ C R _ N _ S _ S T _ M)
4. These are the two hormones
secreted by the ovaries.
(E _ T R O _ _ N) and (P _ O G _ S T _
R _ N E)
5. It refers to the gland that
regulates blood sugar level.
(P _ N _ R E _ S)
Match column A with Column B:
COLUMN A COLUMN B
[Link] [Link]
[Link] B. INSULIN
[Link] C. ESTROGEN
D
[Link] D. TESTOSTERONE
[Link] E. PARATHORMONE
[Link] F. ADRENALINE
[Link] G. THYROXINE

8. PANCREAS H. GROWTH HORMONE

Complete the paragraph below:
The (1) _______________system consists
of (2)_______________ that secrete
chemicals called (3)_____________ that
control various body processes. This
control system usually brings about slow
changes in the (4)_______________
because hormones move through the
circulatory system. The major glands in
the body are the pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas,
1. After consuming ice cream, which
hormones would be expected to
increase?
A. glucagon
B. insulin
C. parathyroid hormone
D . Prolactin
2. Which of the following is NOT
TRUE about the function of the
endocrine system?
A. controls sexual reproduction
B. collect sensory input from the
body
C . maintain homeostasis
D . regulates growth
3. What do you call a rare
condition that causes abnormal
growth in children due to the
decrease in the production and
secretion of growth hormones?
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
4. Which of the following
shows a correct pairing of a
dysfunction and the involved
endocrine gland?
A. diabetes: ovaries
B. dwarfism: adrenal
C . goiter: thyroid
D . osteoporosis:
pancreas
5. What is osteoporosis?
[Link] is a condition characterized by
imbalanced blood sugar.
B.A disorder characterized by apparent
lack of aging.
C.A disorder characterized by impaired
growth.
D.A disorder in which bones become
fragile and breakable.
6. What is the purpose of the thyroid
gland?
[Link] releases insulin and glucagon to
regulate sugar level.
[Link] releases thyroxin and insulin to
stimulate growth.
[Link] releases thyroxin and calcitonin.
[Link] releases adrenaline to prepare
the body for action.
7. Which of the following is NOT TRUE
about endocrine system?
[Link] system is composed of glands
that secrete different types of hormones.
B. Endocrine system secretes chemicals
known as hormones into the bloodstream.
C. Endocrine system is a collection of
nerves that transmit signals to the
different parts of the body.
D. The endocrine hormones help control
mood, growth and development,
metabolism , and reproduction.
8. What do you call the body
system that contains a
group of glands that releases
hormones into the body?
[Link] system
[Link] system
[Link] system
[Link] system
 9. Which of the
following is not an
endocrine gland?
[Link] gland
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
10. What hormone is
being secreted by the
testes?
[Link]
B. estrogen
C .insulin
D . progesterone