Chapter 1 Introduction to

Computers, Programs, and Java

Original slides by Daniel Liang

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
1
 What is a Computer?
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, external and
internal storage, monitor, printer, and communication devices.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Devices Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices

e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. It
retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. The CPU
speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz), with 1 gigahertz equaling 1
billion pulses per second. The speed of the CPU has been improved
continuously. For example, if you buy a PC now, you can get an
Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-7 Processor at 1.60 GHz etc. (1 GHz is 1000
megahertz).
Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Memory
Memory is to store data and program instructions for CPU to
execute. A memory unit is an ordered sequence of bytes, each holds
eight bits. A program and its data must be brought to memory before
they can be executed. A memory byte is never empty, but its initial
content may be meaningless to your program. The current content of
a memory byte is lost whenever new information is placed in it.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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All rights reserved.
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 How Data is Stored?
Data of various kinds, such as numbers,
characters, and strings, are encoded as a
series of bits (zeros and ones). Computers
use zeros and ones because digital devices Memory address Memory content
have two stable states, which are referred to
as zero and one by convention. The . .

programmers need not to be concerned about . .

the encoding and decoding of data, which is . .

2000 01001010 Encoding for character ‘J’
performed automatically by the system
2001 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’
based on the encoding scheme. The 2002 01110110 Encoding for character ‘v’
encoding scheme varies. For example, 2003 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’
character ‘J’ is represented by 01001010 in 2004 00000011 Encoding for number 3
one byte. A small number such as three can
be stored in a single byte. If computer needs
to store a large number that cannot fit into a
single byte, it uses a number of adjacent
bytes. No two data can share or split a same
byte. A byte is the minimum storage unit.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Storage Devices
Memory is volatile, because information is lost when the power is
off. Programs and data are permanently stored on storage devices
and are moved to memory when the computer actually uses them.
There are three main types of storage devices: Disk drives (hard
disks and floppy disks), CD drives (CD-R and CD-RW), and Tape
drives.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Output Devices: Monitor
The monitor displays information (text and graphics). The resolution
and dot pitch determine the quality of the display.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Monitor Resolution and Dot Pitch
resolution The screen resolution specifies the number of pixels in
horizontal and vertical dimensions of the display device.
Pixels (short for “picture elements”) are tiny dots that form
an image on the screen. A common resolution for a 17-inch
screen, for example, is 1,024 pixels wide and 768 pixels
high. The resolution can be set manually. The higher the
resolution, the sharper and clearer the image is.

dot pitch The dot pitch is the amount of space between pixels,
measured in millimeters. The smaller the dot pitch, the
sharper the display.

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 Communication Devices
A regular modem uses a phone line and can transfer data in a speed up to
56,000 bps (bits per second). A DSL (digital subscriber line) also uses a
phone line and can transfer data in a speed 20 times faster than a regular
modem. A cable modem uses the TV cable line maintained by the cable
company. A cable modem is as fast as a DSL. Network interface card
(NIC) is a device to connect a computer to a local area network (LAN).
The LAN is commonly used in business, universities, and government
organizations. A typical type of NIC, called 10BaseT, can transfer data at
10 mbps (million bits per second).
Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to
the computer.

You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without

programs, a computer is an empty machine. Computers do
not understand human languages, so you need to use
computer languages to communicate with them.

Programs are written using programming languages.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Machine language is a set of primitive instructions built into every computer. The
instructions are in the form of binary code, so you have to enter binary codes for
various instructions. Program with native machine language is a tedious process.
Moreover the programs are highly difficult to read and modify. For example, to
add two numbers, you might write an instruction in binary like this:

1101101010011010

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Assembly languages were developed to make

programming easy. Since the computer cannot understand
assembly language, however, a program called assembler is
used to convert assembly language programs into machine
code. For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Popular High-Level Languages
Language Description

Ada Named for Ada Lovelace, who worked on mechanical general-purpose computers. The Ada
language was developed for the Department of Defense and is used mainly in defense projects.
BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was designed to be learned and used easily
by beginners.
C Developed at Bell Laboratories. C combines the power of an assembly language with the ease of
use and portability of a high-level language.
C++ C++ is an object-oriented language, based on C.
C# Pronounced “C Sharp.” It is a hybrid of Java and C++ and was developed by Microsoft.
COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language. Used for business applications.
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation. Popular for scientific and mathematical applications.
Java Developed by Sun Microsystems, now part of Oracle. It is widely used for developing platform -
independent Internet applications.
Pascal Named for Blaise Pascal, who pioneered calculating machines in the seventeenth century. It is a
simple, structured, general-purpose language primarily for teaching programming.
Python A simple general-purpose scripting language good for writing short programs.
Visual Visual Basic was developed by Microsoft and it enables the programmers to rapidly develop
Basic graphical user interfaces.

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 Interpreting/Compiling Source Code
A program written in a high-level language is called
a source program or source code. Because a
computer cannot understand a source program, a
source program must be translated into machine
code for execution. The translation can be done
using another programming tool called an
interpreter or a compiler.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Interpreting Source Code
An interpreter reads one statement from the source
code, translates it to the machine code or virtual
machine code, and then executes it right away, as
shown in the following figure. Note that a
statement from the source code may be translated
into several machine instructions.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Compiling Source Code
A compiler translates the entire source code into a
machine-code file, and the machine-code file is
then executed, as shown in the following figure.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Operating Systems
The operating system (OS) is a
program that manages and controls
a computer’s activities. The
popular operating systems for
general-purpose computers are
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and
Linux. Application programs, such
as a Web browser or a word
processor, cannot run unless an
operating system is installed and
running on the computer.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices. The future of
computing is being profoundly influenced by the Internet,
and Java promises to remain a big part of that future. Java
is the Internet programming language.

Java is a general purpose programming language.

Java is the Internet programming language.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Java, Web, and Beyond
 Java can be used to develop standalone
applications.
 Java can be used to develop applications
running from a browser.
 Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices.
 Java can be used to develop applications for
Web servers.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Companion
Website Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic
[Link]/liang/[Link]
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly
 simplified and improved. Some people refer to
Java Is Object-Oriented Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
 Java Is Distributed with more functionality and fewer negative
 Java Is Interpreted aspects.
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java is inherently object-oriented.
 Although many object-oriented languages
Java Is Object-Oriented began strictly as procedural languages,
 Java Is Distributed Java was designed from the start to be
 Java Is Interpreted object-oriented. Object-oriented
programming (OOP) is a popular
 Java Is Robust programming approach that is replacing
 Java Is Secure traditional procedural programming
 techniques.
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable One of the central issues in software
 Java's Performance development is how to reuse code. Object-
oriented programming provides great
 Java Is Multithreaded flexibility, modularity, clarity, and
 Java Is Dynamic reusability through encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Distributed computing involves several
 computers working together on a network.
Java Is Object-Oriented Java is designed to make distributed
 Java Is Distributed computing easy. Since networking
 Java Is Interpreted capability is inherently integrated into
Java, writing network programs is like
 Java Is Robust sending and receiving data to and from a
 Java Is Secure file.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple You need an interpreter to run Java
 programs. The programs are compiled into
Java Is Object-Oriented the Java Virtual Machine code called
 Java Is Distributed bytecode. The bytecode is machine-
 Java Is Interpreted independent and can run on any machine
that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
 Java Is Robust the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java compilers can detect many problems
 that would first show up at execution time
Java Is Object-Oriented in other languages.
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted Java has eliminated certain types of error-
prone programming constructs found in
 Java Is Robust other languages.
 Java Is Secure
 Java has a runtime exception-handling
Java Is Architecture-Neutral feature to provide programming support
 Java Is Portable for robustness.
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java implements several security
Java Is Robust mechanisms to protect your system against
 Java Is Secure harm caused by stray programs.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral Write once, run anywhere
 Java Is Portable

With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
Java's Performance you can write one program that
 Java Is Multithreaded will run on any platform.
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable Because Java is architecture
 Java's Performance neutral, Java programs are
 portable. They can be run on any
Java Is Multithreaded platform without being
 Java Is Dynamic recompiled.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable Java’s performance Because Java
 Java's Performance is architecture neutral, Java
 programs are portable. They can
Java Is Multithreaded be run on any platform without
 Java Is Dynamic being recompiled.

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Multithread programming is smoothly
Java Is Multithreaded integrated in Java, whereas in other
 Java Is Dynamic languages you have to call
procedures specific to the operating
system to enable multithreading.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance Java was designed to adapt to an
 evolving environment. New code can be
Java Is Multithreaded loaded on the fly without recompilation.
 Java Is Dynamic There is no need for developers to create,
and for users to install, major new
software versions. New features can be
incorporated transparently as needed.
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 JDK Versions
 JDK 1.02 (1995)
 JDK 1.1 (1996)
 JDK 1.2 (1998)
 JDK 1.3 (2000)
 JDK 1.4 (2002)
 JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5
 JDK 1.6 (2006) a. k. a. JDK 6 or Java 6
 JDK 1.7 (2011) a. k. a. JDK 7 or Java 7
 JDK 1.8 (2014) a. k. a. JDK 8 or Java 8
 Java 9 (2017)
 Java 10, Java 11 (2018)
 Java 12, Java 13 (2019)
 Java 14, Java 15 (2020)
 Java 16, Java 17 (2021)
 Java 18, Java 19 (2022)

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 JDK Editions
 Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side
standalone applications or applets.
 Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side
applications such as Java servlets, Java
ServerPages, and Java ServerFaces.
 Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for
mobile devices such as cell phones.
This book uses J2SE to introduce Java
programming.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
34
 Popular Java IDEs
 NetBeans
 Eclipse
 BlueJ
 JDeveloper
 IntelliJ IDEA
 JCreator
 DrJava

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 A Simple Java Program
Listing 1.1
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Note: Clicking the green button displays the source code

with interactive animation. You can also run the code in
Welcome
a browser. Internet connection is needed for this button.

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Creating and Editing Using NotePad
To use NotePad, type
notepad
[Link]
from the DOS prompt.

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Creating and Editing Using WordPad
To use WordPad, type
write [Link]
from the DOS prompt.

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 Creating, Compiling, and
Running Programs

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below. Java Virtual Machine is
a software that interprets Java bytecode.

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
41
animation

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
42
animation

Trace a Program Execution

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console

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Two More Simple Examples

WelcomeWithThreeMessages Run
ComputeExpression Run

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Companion
Website Compiling and Running Java
from the Command Window
 Set path to JDK bin directory
– set path=c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.8.0\bin
 Set classpath to include the current directory
– set classpath=.
 Compile
– javac [Link]
 Run
– java Welcome
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Compiling and Running Java
from TextPad

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 Anatomy of a Java Program
 Class name
 Main method
 Statements
 Statement terminator
 Reserved words
 Comments
 Blocks

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47
 Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class.
Each class has a name. By convention, class names
start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the
class name is Welcome.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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48
 Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a
class, the class must contain a method named main.
The program is executed from the main method.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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49
 Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement [Link]("Welcome to Java!") in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!“.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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50
 Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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51
 Reserved words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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52
 Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

Class block
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}

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53
 Special Symbols

Character Name Description

{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.

" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.

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54
 { …}

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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All rights reserved.
55
 ( … )

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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56
 ;

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 // …

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 "…"

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
59
 Programming Style and
Documentation
 Appropriate Comments
 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
 Block Styles

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
60
 Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does, its key
features, its supporting data structures, and any
unique techniques it uses.

Include your name, class section, instructor, date,

and a brief description at the beginning of the
program.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
61
 Naming Conventions
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
 Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in the
name. For example, the class name
ComputeExpression.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
62
 Proper Indentation and Spacing
 Indentation
– Indent two spaces.

 Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
63
 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
[Link]("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Block Styles");
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
64
 Programming Errors
 Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
65
 Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Welcome to Java);
}
}

ShowSyntaxErrors Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
66
 Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link](1 / 0);
}
}

ShowRuntimeErrors Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
67
 Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
[Link]((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}

ShowLogicErrors Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
68