Imagine you are defending your research, which of the
two would you choose to deliver?
The results of our survey suggest that song
integration in teaching reading has the potential to
enhance the reading abilities of the struggling readers.
We now conclude that the intervention is effective.
Based on the data gathered, 60 out of 68 identified
struggling readers had improved from frustration to
instructional level. In conclusion, the integration of songs
in teaching reading is effective in enhancing the reading
level of the struggling readers.
Just give me your reason, just a little bit’s enough…
Cohesion
Cohesion
• It is the glue that holds a
piece of writing together.
Cohesion in writing may be achieved through
the following means:
1. Repetition of words or ideas. This helps to
focus your ideas and to keep your reader on
track.
Most people find contemporary art difficult to
understand. Contemporary art is purposely
abstract, leaving the viewers wondering what
they are looking at.
2. Use of synonyms for key words and
phrases. Synonyms are words that have
essentially the same meaning, and they provide
some variety of word choices, helping the
reader to stay focused on the idea being
discussed.
At the end of the run, he was suddenly
afraid. The height of the tree terrified him.
3. Pronouns / Determiners. This, that, these,
those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful
pronouns for referring to something previously
mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you
are referring to is clear.
Mr. Noviel Fraga is the CEO of Fraga
Fisheries and Company. He became the
CEO in 2018.
4. Use transitional devices (linkers,
conjunctions or connectors).These
are words which give cues to the
readers on the relationships between
sentences, joining sentences together.
Cohesion
• It concerns how explicit
cues are used in a text to
signal relations in that text.
Cohesion
• These cues are known as
cohesive devices.
-reference
-substitution
-ellipsis
-conjunction
Conjunction
-a word that links other words,
phrases, or clauses together.
Conjunction
-creates connections that identify
the logical relationships between
ideas or sentence elements.
These relationships may be
used to indicate
• An addition (as, with, and)
• Create contrast (but, yet, although)
• Establish cause (because)
and effect
• Introduce a (unless)
condition
Which paragraph contains conjunctions?
I am a member of that gym. I can reserve a spot at
fitness classes ahead of time. If I were not a member, I
would have to arrive early to be sure I could attend. I
would have to wait in line for the door to open to be
sure I could attend.
Because I am a member of that gym, I can reserve a
spot at fitness classes ahead of time, but otherwise I
would have to both arrive early and wait in line for the
door to open in order to be sure I could attend.
Types of Conjunction
• Coordinating
• Subordinating
• Correlative
Coordinating conjunction
-a word or phrase that connects
two or more equal grammatical
elements
Examples:
• It could connect two verbs in a
sentence.
The audience cheered and
clapped at the end of the
performance.
Examples:
• It could connect two nouns in a
sentence.
Would you like cake or ice cream
for dessert?
Examples:
• It could connect two adjectives
in a sentence.
The holiday cottage was small yet
welcoming.
Examples:
• It could connect two adverbs in
a sentence.
Slowly but surely, I made it to the
top of the hill.
• Coordinating conjunctions are
also use to connect
independent clauses together.
James wanted a piece of cake.
He was on a diet.
James wanted a piece of cake,
but he was on a diet.
It was a long journey. I am feeling
very tire now.
It was a long journey, so I am
feeling very tired now.
When two independent
clause are joined with a
coordinating conjunction, a
comma needs to be placed
before the conjunction.
There are seven coordinating
conjunctions: F- For
A- And
N- Nor
B- But
O- Or
Y- Yet
S- So
Subordinating Conjunction
-used to connect an independent
clause to a subordinate clause
(also known as a dependent
clause).
Usage:
• To show cause and effect
I took the week off work
because of my illness.
Tom will be late for school
unless he catches the bus.
• To show cause and effect
Jared booked a train ticket
so that he could travel to
London on Tuesday.
Jane was upset that she
didn’t pass the test since she
had studied hard.
Usage:
• To signal relationships of time
or place
The twins were allowed to
watch TV after they
completed their homework.
• To signal relationships of time or place
I can start making dinner
once I know what time they
are arriving.
Rhea feels scared whenever
she sees a spider.
• As in the examples, subordinating
conjunctions can be placed in the
middle of the two clauses:
We can go for a walk this afternoon
unless it starts to rain.
• However, they can also be placed at
the beginning of the sentence in front
of the subordinate clause:
Unless it starts to rain, we can go for
a walk this afternoon.
• When a subordinate conjunction is at
the beginning of the sentence, a
comma must be placed after the
subordinate clause that follows it.
Subordinating Conjunctions:
A WHITE BUS So that,
as, after, since
If
although
How, Unless,
When, until
however
whenever, Before,
Than,
where, because
though
wherever, Even
while if, even
though
Correlative Conjunction
-are pairs of conjunctions that
work together by framing and
connecting grammatically
identical sentence elements.
Correlative Conjunction
• Both – And
• Either – Or
• Neither – nor
• Not only – but also
Examples:
• I am finished with both my
English essay and my history
essay.
• The cats’ food needs to move
either out of the kitchen or onto
a higher surface that the dog
can’t reach.
• Neither Shel’s mother nor her
father has ever been to visit her
in Amsterdam.
• Not only am I finished studying
for English, but I’m also
finished writing my history
essay.