Models of the
particulate nature of
Matter
BY ANANYA SINGH
1.1.1 Elements are the primary constituents of matter, which
cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances.
Compounds consist of atoms of different elements chemically
bonded together in a fixed ratio.
Mixtures contain more than one element or compound in no fixed
ratio, which are not chemically bonded and so can be separated by
physical methods.
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Homogeneous mixtures, also on the other hand these are
known as solutions, are mixtures that do not have a
mixtures that have a uniform uniform composition
composition throughout, throughout and have visible
meaning that the components boundaries between the
are evenly distributed. components. Examples of
Examples of homogeneous heterogeneous mixtures
mixtures include saltwater, air, include sand and water, oil
and sugar dissolved in water and water, and a salad with
Difference between the following:
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS MIXTURES
Element is a pure Compound is a pure Mixture is an impure
substance substance. substance.
It is the basic unit of It Is formed by It is formed by
matter and cannot be combination of two combination of two
broken down into or more elements or more elements,
two or more simpler and elements are compounds or both.
substances by any combined together in
means. a fixed ratio.
It is mainly classified It can be broken The substances are
into metals, non- down into its mechanically mixed
metals, metalloids elements by together In any
and noble gases. chemicals means. ratio.
Examples: carbon,
hydrogen Examples: H2O, NaCl Examples: sand and
water; oil and water
SEPARATION AND DISSOLUTION OF MIXTURES
Chromatography Distillation Filtration Evaporation Recrystallisation Solvation
Chromatography i Distillation is an Filtration is a Evaporation is a In chemistry, recryst Solvation is the
effective method to separation method used technique used to separate allisation is a process of attraction
s the separation of out homogeneous mixtures and association of
separate mixtures that to separate out pure technique used to
a mixture by that contain one or more purify chemicals. By molecules of a solvent
passing it in are comprised of two substances in mixtures with molecules or ions
dissolved salts. The dissolving a mixture
or more pure liquids. comprised of particles— of a solute. As ions
solution or method drives off the liquid of a compound and
Distillation is a some of which are large components from the solid dissolve in a solvent,
suspension, or as a impurities in an
purification process enough in size to be components. The process appropriate solvent, they spread out and
vapour (as in gas where the components captured with a porous become surrounded
typically involves heating either the desired
chromatography), of a liquid mixture are material. Particle size the mixture until no more compound or
by solvent molecules.
through a medium vaporized and then can vary considerably, liquid remains. Prior to impurities can be
in which the Solvation is an
condensed and given the type of using this method, the removed from the
mixture should only important role of a
components move isolated. In simple mixture. For instance, solution, leaving the
solvent in the
at different rates. distillation, a mixture is stream water is a contain one liquid other behind. It is
corrosion process.
heated, and the most mixture that contains component, unless it is not named for
Thin-layer important to isolate the
Changes in solvent
volatile component naturally occurring the crystal often
chromatography is composition alter
liquid components. This is formed when the
a special type of vaporizes at the lowest biological organisms like solvation properties.
because all liquid compound
temperature. The bacteria, viruses, and The solubility of
chromatography components will evaporate precipitates out. metals from solvent to
vapor passes through a protozoa. Some water over time. The Alternatively, recryst
used for separating solvent significantly
cooled tube (a filters can filter out evaporation method is allisation can refer to
and identifying condenser), where it bacteria, the length of
varies due to
suitable to separate a the natural growth of differences in
mixtures that are or condenses back into its which are on the order of soluble solid from a liquid. larger ice crystalls at solvation properties.
can be coloured, liquid state. The 1 micron. Other the expense of
especially condensate that is mixtures, like soil, have In many parts of the world, smaller ones.
pigments. collected is called relatively large particle table salt is obtained from
distillate. sizes, which can be the evaporation of sea
The kinetic molecular theory is a model to explain physical
properties of matter (solids, liquids and gases) and changes of state.
The KMT states that all matter is
made up of tiny particles that are
constantly moving and have
energy. The energy of the particles
varies depending on the
temperature of the matter, which
determines whether the substance
is in a solid, liquid, or gaseous
state. The theory explains how
changes in the energy and
movement of the particles cause
state changes.
Title and Content Layout with Chart
SOLID LIQUID GAS
In solids, particles are tightly or In a liquid state of matter, particles In gases, particles are far apart
closely packed. are less tightly packed as from each other.
The gaps between the particles are compared to solids. Force of attraction between the
tiny and hence it is tough to Liquids take the shape of the particles is negligible, and they can
compress them. container in which they are kept. move freely.
Solid has a fixed shape and Liquids are difficult to compress as Gases have neither a fixed volume
volume. particles have less space between nor a fixed shape.
Due to its rigid nature, particles in them to move. The gaseous state has the highest
solid can only vibrate about their Liquids have fixed volume but no compressibility as compared to
mean position and cannot move. fixed shape. solids and liquids.
Force of attraction between The rate of diffusion in liquids is The rate is diffusion is higher than
particles is adamant. higher than that of solids. solids and liquids.
The rate of diffusion in solids is Force of attraction between the The kinetic energy of particles is
very low. particles is weaker than solids. higher than in solids and liquids.
An example of solids: solid ice, Example of a liquid state of matter: An example of gases: air, helium,
sugar, rock, wood, etc water, milk, blood, coffee, etc. nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
etc.
SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL EQUATION AND
TYPES OF PHASE CHANGES:
A chemical equation is
the symbolic representation of a
chemical reaction, the state of
matter in which each chemical
exists is abbreviated by a single
lower-case letter. Furthermore,
each of these letters is italicized,
if possible, and enclosed in
parentheses, in order to visually
distinguish a substance's state of
matter from its chemical
formula. Therefore, the solid,
liquid, and gaseous states of
1.1.3 The temperature, T, in Kelvin (K) is a
measure of average kinetic energy Ekof
particles.
ABSOLUTE ZERO Figure 13.5.3: Helium gas
liquefies at 4K, or four degrees
Asa sample of matter is continually cooled, the average kinetic above absolute zero. Liquid
energy of its particles decreases. Eventually, one would expect helium is used as a coolant for
the particles to stop moving completely. Absolute zero is the
temperature at which the motion of particles theoretically
large superconducting magnets,
ceases. Absolute zero has never been attained in the and must be stored in insulated
laboratory, but temperatures on the order of 1×10−10K have metal canisters. (Credit: Michael
been achieved. The Kelvin temperature scale is the scale that Pereckas (Flickr: Beige Alert);
is based on molecular motion, and so absolute zero is also Source: [Link]
called 0K. The Kelvin temperature of a substance is directly /photos/beigephotos
proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles of
/5633215176/(opens in new wind
the substance. For example, the particles in a sample of
ow)
hydrogen gas at 200K have twice the average kinetic energy
as the particles in a hydrogen sample at 100K. ; License:
CC by 2.0(opens in new window))
Summary
Kinetic energy is the energy of
motion.
At a given temperature,
individual particles of a
substance have a range of kinetic
TYPES OF CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES CHEMICAL CHANGES
A chemical change is a type of change where the chemical
properties of matter change. It is commonly called a
When matter changes its observable properties, we can say it
has undergone a physical change. chemical reaction.
Different substances have different chemical
Physical change is a type of change where the
physical properties of matter change. A change of properties. According to this property,
state of matter, change in colour, odour, solubility, substances show variation in their reactivity. A
etc. all are examples of physical change. chemical reaction results in a new product.
During a chemical change, bonds between the
During a physical change, neither the composition molecules break and the composition of the
nor the chemical nature of matter is changed.
substance change. In other words, chemical
During this change, molecules rearrange
change leads to the breaking and making of
themselves without affecting the internal
bonds.
composition. A physical change doesn’t affect the
chemical property. Examples of Chemical Change
Examples of Physical Change Combustion, rusting, fermentation, etc. are a
Melting of chocolate, melting of ice cubes. few examples of chemical change.
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CHEMISTRY PPT