DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CB3401_DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
AND SECURITY
DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIT-1 : RELATIONAL DATABASES
Introduction to Database Management System
As the name suggests, the database management system consists of two parts.
They are:
1. Database and
2. Management System
What is a Database?
To find out what database is, we have to start from data, which is the basic
building block of any DBMS.
Data: Facts, figures, statistics etc. having no particular meaning (e.g. 1, ABC, 19
etc).
Record: Collection of related data items, e.g. in the above example the
three data items had no meaning. But if we organize them in the following
way, then they collectively represent meaningful information.
Roll Name Age
1 ABC 19
Database: Collection of related relations
DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
A Database-Management System (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set
of programs to access those data.
.
Application of DBMS
DBMS - Environment
5
DATA MODELS IN DBMS
DATA MODELS IN DBMS
● A Data Model is a logical structure of Database. It describes the design of
database to reflect entities, attributes, relationship among data, constrains
etc.
Types of Data Models:
● Object based logical Models : Describe data at the conceptual and
view levels.
1. E-R Model
● An entity–relationship model (ER model) is a systematic way of describing
and defining a business process.
2. Object oriented Model
● An object data model is a data model based on object-oriented programming,
associating methods (procedures) with objects that can benefit from class
hierarchies.
Record based logical Models
● Like Object based model, they also describe data at the conceptual and view
levels.
● These models specify logical structure of database with records, fields and
attributes.
1. Relational Model
In relational model, the data and relationships are represented by
collection of inter-related tables. Each table is a group of column and rows, where
column represents attribute of an entity and rows represents records.
Sample relationship Model: Student table with 3 columns
and three records.
2. Hierarchical Model
● In hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree like
structure with each record is having one parent record and
many children.
● The main drawback of this model is that, it can have only
one to many relationships between nodes.
Hierarchical Model
Network Model
● Network Model is same as hierarchical model except that it has
graph-like structure rather than a tree-based structure.
● Unlike hierarchical model, this model allows each record to have
more than one parent record.
Network Model
Schema
In any data model, it is important to distinguish
between the description of the database and the
database itself
The description of a database is called the
database schema
A schema diagram displays only some aspects of a
schema, such as the names of record types and
data items, and some types of constraints. Other
aspects are not specified in the schema diagram
Schema diagram
Three Schema Architecture
● The goal of the three schema architecture is to separate the user applications and
the physical database.
● The schemas can be defined at the following levels:
1. The internal level –
It has an internal schema which describes the physical storage structure of the
database.
2. The conceptual level – has a conceptual schema which describes the
structure of the database for users.
● It hides the details of the physical storage structures, and concentrates
on describing entities, data types, relationships, user operations and
constraints.
● Usually, a representational data model is used to describe the
conceptual schema.
3. The External or View level – includes external schemas or user
views.
● Each external schema describes the part of the database that a
particular user group is interested in and hides the rest of the
database from that user group.
● Represented using the representational data model.
● The three schema architecture is used to visualize the schema levels in a
database.
ARCHITECTURE OF DBMS / COMPONENTS OF DBMS
Database Users
● Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with the system
● Application programmers
● Sophisticated users
● Naïve users
● Database Administrator
● Specialized users etc,.