WINDOWS
•An opening provided in a wall or roof to admit daylight,
ventilation, and visual connection between inside and outside.
•Improves thermal comfort, indoor air quality, and spatial
experience of a building.
•May be fixed or operable depending on functional requirements.
TYPES OF WINDOWS BASED ON MECHANISM/ OPERATION
TYPES OF WINDOWS BASED ON MATERIAL
•Fixed Window – Non-operable; used only for light and view. •Timber Window – Traditional, good insulation, high maintenance
•Casement Window – Side-hung; opens inward or outward. •Steel Window – Strong, slim sections, prone to corrosion.
•Sliding Window – Shutters slide horizontally or vertically. •Aluminium Window – Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, low
•Pivoted Window – Rotates about a central vertical or horizontal maintenance.
axis. •uPVC Window – Thermally efficient, low maintenance.
•Double-Hung Window – Two sashes move vertically. •Composite Window – Combination of materials (e.g., wood +
•Louvered Window – Adjustable glass slats for controlled aluminium).
ventilation. •Glass Block Window – For light with privacy.
•Awning Window – Top-hung; opens outward.
•Hopper Window – Bottom-hung; opens inward.
•Bay Window – Projects out from wall forming a bay.
•Corner Window – Provided at building corners for panoramic
view.
•Clerestory Window – High-level window for daylight and
ventilation.
•Skylight / Roof Window – Provided in roof for top lighting.
TYPES OF WINDOWS BASED ON MECHANISM/ OPERATION TYPES OF WINDOWS BASED ON MATERIAL
WINDOW COMPONENTS
•Brick Mold – Exterior trim that covers the gap between window frame and wall.
•Grill (Muntins) – Decorative bars dividing the glass into smaller panels.
•Grill Clips – Small fittings used to fix the grill to the glass or frame.
•Sash Frame – Frame that holds the glass and moves within the window.
•Upper Sash – Top movable or fixed glazed portion of the window.
•Lower Sash – Bottom movable glazed portion of the window.
•Interior Sash Lock & Keeper – Locking system that secures the sashes together.
•Locking Handle – Handle used to lock and unlock the window.
•Lock Keeper – Fixed part that receives the locking handle.
•Stile – Vertical side member of the window sash.
•Head Jamb – Top horizontal member of the window frame.
•Side Jamb – Vertical side members of the window frame.
•Weather Stripping – Sealing strip that prevents air and water leakage.
•Interior Operator Handle – Handle used to open and close the casement window.
•Operator Hardware – Mechanical system that controls window movement.
•Friction Hinge – Hinge that allows smooth opening and holds the sash in position.
•Transom – Small window provided above a door or window for ventilation.
•Mullion – Vertical member separating two adjacent window units.
•Gas Filled Glass – Insulated glass unit filled with gas for thermal efficiency.
•Sloped Exterior Sill – Bottom sloping surface that drains rainwater outward.
CASEMENT WINDOW
Definition
•A casement window is a window with shutters fixed on hinges.
•The shutter opens inward or outward like a door.
•Opening may be side-hung, top-hung, or bottom-hung.
Purpose & Use
•Provides natural ventilation and daylight.
•Allows full opening of window area.
•Used in residential, educational, and office buildings.
Historical & Practical Relevance
•One of the oldest window types.
•Widely adopted due to simple construction.
•Still relevant in modern climate-responsive design.
LOVELL HOUSE
FATEHPUR SIKRI PALACE
TYPES
Types Based on Hinges Types Based on Shutters Types Based on Material
•Side-hung casement – Hinges on vertical side. •Single shutter casement •Timber casement – Traditional, good insulation
•Top-hung (Awning) – Hinges at top. •Double shutter casement •Steel casement – Slim sections, strong.
•Bottom-hung (Hopper) – Hinges at bottom. •Multiple panel casement •Aluminium casement – Lightweight, corrosion
•uPVC casement – Airtight, low maintenance.
Standard Size Range
•Width: 600–1200 mm
•Height: 900–1500 mm
•Sizes vary based on room function and ventilation needs.
Main Components
•Frame
•Shutter (Sash)
•Hinges
•Glass
•Glazing beads
•Sill
•Holdfasts
•Hardware fittings
Frame Shutter (Sash)
•Fixed outer member attached to wall. •Movable part holding glass.
•Transfers load to masonry. •Opens fully for ventilation.
•Made of timber, steel, aluminium, or uPVC. •Thickness varies by material.
Glass / Glazing Hinges
•Single, double, or laminated glass. •Allow rotation of shutter.
•Controls light, heat, and sound. •Usually butt hinges or friction hinges.
•Fixed using glazing beads. •Must resist wind pressure.
[Link] Cap – Outer cover that protects internal hardware parts.
[Link] Ring – Ring used to hold components firmly in position.
[Link] Pin – Small pin that joins moving parts together.
[Link] Shaft – Central rotating rod that transfers motion.
[Link] Sleeve – Hollow piece that maintains correct spacing.
[Link] – Thin disc that reduces friction between parts.
[Link] Washer – Washer that resists axial load during movement.
[Link] Washer – Washer that maintains tension and prevents loosening.
[Link] Ring – Circular element that allows smooth rotation.
[Link] Ring – Ring that prevents dust and moisture entry.
[Link] / Drum Body – Main cylindrical part enabling smooth movement.
[Link] Shaft / Axle – End rod that supports rotation and alignment.
Use in Windows HARDWARE DIAGRAM
• This assembly allows smooth opening, closing, and load
transfer in casement window mechanisms.
Sill Advantages Conclusion
•Bottom horizontal member. •Excellent ventilation. •Casement window is a functional, efficient, and versatile window
•Sloped outward for rainwater drainage. •Easy to operate. type.
•Prevents water ingress. •Good sealing when closed. •Suitable for climate-responsive architectural design.
•Simple construction.
Holdfasts
•Metal flats embedded in masonry. Disadvantages
•Fix window frame securely. •Requires clear opening space.
•Prevent movement due to wind. •Vulnerable to strong wind pressure.
•Not ideal for very tall openings.
Hardware & Accessories
•Handles Climatic Suitability
•Stays •Best for warm and humid regions.
•Locks •Can be shaded using chajjas or louvers.
•Friction arms •Works well with cross ventilation.
Installation Process Common Applications
•Wall opening prepared. •Living rooms
•Frame fixed using holdfasts. •Bedrooms
•Shutter attached with hinges. •Study areas
•Glass fixed and sealed. •Institutional buildings
Ventilation Performance Architectural Expression
•Allows maximum air flow. •Can be traditional or modern.
•Can direct breeze inside when angled. •Slim frames give clean façade rhythm.
•Suitable for hot and humid climates. •Can be combined with fixed panels.
Daylighting Performance
•Large clear opening.
•Minimal obstruction to light.
•Improves visual comfort indoors.