ECE 1030: Antennas and Wave Propagatio

Instructor:

Dr. Usha Kiran K.

Assistant professort
SENSE, VIT University, Chennai
Office Hours: Room 806 (microwave
lab)

[Link] ECE,
SENSE
VIT UNIVERSI
TY, CHENNAI
CAMPUS

“For wisdom is far more valuable than rubies. Nothing you desire can compare with it.
 Module -II:
Antenna
Array

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Introduction to Arrays
Antenna array: It is a system in which several antenna are spaced
at a proper distance to achieve greater radiation intensity for
communicating to a long distance.

The individual elements of the array are called element of the array

Linear Array :
A linear array is one consisting of a group of identical elements
placed in one dimension (straight line) along a given direction.
Linear arrays may have equidistant or no equidistant element
spacing.

Uniform linear array: when the element of the array are feed
with uniform magnitude and uniform progressed phase.
Antenna array
Advantages
 Types of
1. Linear Array :
A linear array Arrays
is one consisting of a group of identical elements
placed in one dimension (straight line) along a given direction. Linear
arrays may have equidistant or no equidistant element spacing.

[Link] linear array: when the element of the array are feed
with uniform magnitude and uniform progressed phase.
[Link] array : is an antenna in which all the elements are in one
plane. A planar array provides a large aperture and may be used for
directional beam (360 degree rotation) Applications include tracking
radar , remote sensing, communications and many other applications.
[Link] array: in which the elements are placed in circular
ring. This type of array is used for special interest application like
space navigation, terrestrial communication.
 Types of
Arrays

Linear array planar array (one plane)

Circular array (dipole array placed in circular form)

Mobile base station
Atmospheric study antenna dipole array at NARL
Classisfication of linear arrays

Broadside array

End fire array

Collinear array

Parasitic array
1. Broadside array:
The broadside array is the array in which all the elements are placed
in parallel to each in a straight line and direction of maximum radiation
pattern is perpendicular to the axis containing the elements.

Are equally spaced in straight line.

Fed with equal magnitude and equal phase.
Maximum radiation is directed in broadside.
2. End-fire array:
 Antenna arrangement is similar to broadside array (straight line)
 The array elements are fed with equal amplitude and progressive phase
 The direction of maximum radiation is parallel to the axis of contain
antenna array
4. Collinear array:
Arrangement of elements is in straight line but
end to end

5. Parasitic array:
The fed is given to a single element and
energy is coupled into the other elements
by electromagnetic coupling.
Broad Side : isotropic 2-Array
Broadside array pattern – 2 Element
isotropic
End-f ire : isotropic 2-Array
End-fire array pattern – 2 Element
isotropic
Broad Side :n-Linear Array
Broadside: n-element uniform linear
array:
1.
 90°
ˠ = 90-Φmin Φmin
 Broadside array

Nulls
Broadside array-n
element
Problems (Broadside array n-elements)
End fire array :n-Linear Array
2. End fire array: n-element uniform linear
array
End-fire array n-
element
Pattern multiplication
Method:
 (part-2
Non Uniform linear array,
Binomial, Chebysheff
planar arrays

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
Nonuniform amplitude arrays of even and odd
number of elements
 Even number
elements

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 OdOddnd
nu m b er e le
u m b e r e l emm

enetsnts

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Binomial
expansion

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Binomial
array

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Dolph-Tschebyscheff
Array
The method was originally introduced by Dolph. It is
primarily
compromia between uniform and
se binomial arrays. Its coefficients
excitation
polynomials. are related
A Dolph-chebyscheff to no side
array with
Tschebyscheff
lobes (or side lobes of −∞ dB)

with the fundamental frequency as the argument

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai
Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Taking z = cosu

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Normalized array
factor

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Dolph-Chebyshev Array Design Procedure

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
Chebyshev array Uniform array with
with 10 elements 10 elements

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Example Design a 5-element Dolph-Chebyshev
array with d = 0.5 and sidelobes which are 20
dB below the main beam.

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 Assignme
nt

[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
[Link] 5th SEM ECE-306 Antenna and wave Propagation VIT University, Chennai Campus
 (part-3)
Phased arrays & planar
arrays
 Phased
Arrays
The phased arrays are the linear arrays with capability
of beam steering or controlling the beam direction.
Here the phase shift factor α varies between 0 to 180°
 Application of phased
arrays
Ground based multi-function radar for military use
 Airborne radar for surveillance (RBE2)

Spaceborne SAR and communications for remote

sensing
Recently for radio astronomy

Navigation : tracking of ships and aircrafts

Mobile base station : smart operation i.e that is concentration of
energy in the desired direction
 Basic Phased Array
Antenna
s

Commonly phased arrays use phase shifters which

work on time delay principle in order to cause
various phase changes near the antenna input.
(Delay line CKT) Phase Shifter

SPDT
switch
Array steering (beam
steering)
MATLab coding for phase
arrays:
Array steering or scanning by translation in
wavenumber space.
It follows from the translation theorem of Fourier
Planar
antennas
Two dimensional arrays
 Planar arrays
Planar arrays
Planar arrays provide directional beams, symmetrical
patterns with low side lobes, much higher directivity
(narrow main beam) than that of their individual element.
In principle, they can point the main beam toward any
direction.
Applications – tracking radars, remote sensing,
communications, etc
The array factor of a rectangular planar
array
 (y=
0)

If N such arrays are placed at even intervals along the y direction

with
Pattern multiplication
Method:
 2.5 Circular Array

normalized field of the array

Rn is the distance from the
nth element to the
observation point
for r ≫ a
 2.5 Circular Array

Circular array

With excitation coefficient

 2.5 Circular Array

Three-dimensional amplitude pattern of the Principal-plane amplitude patterns of the array

array factor for a uniform circular array of N = factor for a uniform circular array of N = 10
10 elements (C∕λ = ka = 10). elements (C∕λ = ka = 10).
 2.5 Circular Array

For a uniform amplitude excitation of each element (),

is the Bessel function of the first kind

The part of the array factor associated with the zero order Bessel function is called the
principal term and the remaining terms are noted as the residuals.
For a circular array with a large number of elements, the term alone can be used to
approximate the two-dimensional principal-plane patterns. The remaining terms
contribute negligibly because Bessel functions of larger orders are very small
Thank
you