Inverters
[Link] Karuvelam
Professor (CAS)/EEE
Government College of Engineering
Tirunelveli
Introduction
• Converts DC to AC with desirable
voltage and frequency
• Doesnot “make” or “create” power,
just changes from one power to
another
Introduction
• DC input is ripple free
• AC is sinusoidal or controllable wave
shape
• Static inverter has no moving parts ,
consists of power electronic devices
alone
Power Conversion
Classification of inverters
According to method of commutation
Line Commutated inverter
Forced Commutated Inverter
According to method of connection
Series inverter
Parallel Inverter
Bridge Inverter
According to Source
Voltage Source Inverter
Current Source Inverter
Voltage Source Inverter
Single Phase Inverters
Half Bridge Inverter
Full Bridge Inverter
Three Phase Inverter
120 degree mode
180 degree mode
Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter
For Positive Half Cycle
For Negative Half Cycle
Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter
• For R load, no need of diodes.
• Need 3 wire DC source
• TUF Low
Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
• For Positive Half Cycle
Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
• For Negative Half Cycle
Steady State Analysis of Single
Phase Inverter
• For Half bridge Inverter
• For Full bridge Inverter
Fourier Analysis
• Half Bridge Inverter
• Full Bridge Inverter
• Load Current
Comparison
[Link]
Half Bridge Inverter Full Bridge Inverter
The efficiency is high in half-bridge In full-bridge inverter also, the
1
inverter efficiency is high
In half-bridge inverter the output In full-bridge inverter the output
2 voltage waveforms are square, quasi voltage waveforms are square, quasi
square or PWM square or PWM
The peak voltage in the half-bridge The peak voltage in the full-bridge
3 inverter is half of the DC supply inverter is the same as the DC
voltage supply voltage
The half-bridge inverter contains two The full-bridge inverter contains four
4
switches switches
5 The output voltage is V0= VDC /2 The output voltage is V0= VDC
The fundamental output voltage is The fundamental output voltage is
6
V1= 0.45 VDC V= 0.9 VDC
Three Phase Inverter
Step 1
0 to 60 5, 6 ,1 Closed
Line-Line Voltages
•
• RMS value of line voltage
• RMS value of phase voltage
• RMS value of fundamental phase
voltage
Phase Voltages
120 degree mode VSI
Step 1
0 – 60 ; 6 & 1 closed
Phase Voltages
Line – Line Voltages
• RMS value of fundamental line
voltage
• RMS value of fundamental line
voltage
• RMS value of phase voltage
• RMS value of fundamental phase
voltage
Voltage control in single phase
inverter
External control of DC input control
External control of AC output
control
Internal control of Inverter
External control of DC input control
External control of DC input Voltage
Advantages
• When the inverter output voltage is
adjusted by controlling the DC input
voltage, there is no change in output
waveform and harmonics.
• When the inverter output voltage is
adjusted by controlling input supply source,
the design of inverter is done for specific
voltage limit and its efficiency increases due
to small power loss.
External control of DC input Voltage
Disadvantages
• There is filter requires at the input side of input in
order to reduce DC voltage ripple.
• This filter circuit increases the weight, volume
and cost of inverter.
• The inverter efficiency decreases as the power
stages increases more than one.
• When it is require to control output voltage for
constant current, the DC input voltage control
method used because the commutating
capacitor voltage decreases as the DC input
voltage decreases and this will result in
turn off time of SCR decreases.
External control of AC output Voltage
1. AC Voltage control
2. Series Inverter control
AC Voltage control
External control of AC output voltage
Series Inverter control
Internal Control of Inverters
Pulse Width Modulation (ON-OFF) control
Advantages
Output voltage control without additional
components
Lower order harmonics can be
eliminated/minimized
Higher order harmonics can be filtered
out
Pulse Width Modulation
• Single pulse PWM
• Multiple pulse PWM
• Sine PWM
• Modified Sine PWM
Single Pulse PWM
Single Pulse PWM
Single Pulse PWM
Single Pulse PWM
• If nd=π then
• Peak value of nth harmonic
Harmonic Content
When a value of the fundamental component
becomes equal to 0.143, the third, fifth and
seventh harmonics becomes equal.
Single Pulse PWM
• RMS Value of output voltage
Multiple PWM
• There are more than one pulse per half cycle in
the MPWM.
• These gate pulses are used to control output
voltage of inverter as well as reduce harmonics.
• The magnitude and width of the pulses are
equal in this method.
• The reference signal and higher frequencies
carrier signals are compared in this method in
order to generate more than one gatting pulses.
• The number of gate pulses depends upon carrier
frequencies whereas the output voltage depend
frequencies of reference signal.
Multiple PWM
Multiple PWM
Multiple PWM
Multiple PWM
Comparison of single and multiple PWM
• For 2d=72
• In Single PWM
• In Multiple PWM
Multiple PWM
Multiple PWM
Frequency of reference signal - f
Multiple PWM
Sinusoidal PWM
Sinusoidal PWM
Modified Sine PWM
Harmonic control in Inverters
• PWM Control Technique
• Transformer Connection
• Stepped Wave Inverter
Harmonic Reduction by PWM
Harmonic Reduction by PWM
Harmonic Reduction by PWM
For unmodulated output voltage
Reduction in voltage
1-(1.0684/1.2732)100 = 16.09%
Harmonic reduction by Transformer
Connection
Harmonic reduction by Transformer
Connection
Harmonic reduction by Transformer
Connection
13.4% reduction in voltage
Harmonic reduction by stepped wave
inverter
Current Source Inverter
Single Phase Capacitor Commutated CSI
with R Load
Design Consideration
Single Phase Auto Sequential Commutated
Inverter (ASCR)