WELCOME TO THE WORLD

OF COMPUTING
 COMPUTER- A miracle that
changed our lives
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information,
or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
You may already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You
can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations,
and even videos
Computer can bring people closer together and facilitate contacts
between them using Email, Chatting, Videoconferencing, Mobile
Phones and Social Medias. It saves time, efforts and money
compared with letters used, before making influence of
computers in human life.
Computers were initially used only in workplaces but quickly
revolutionized things such as school homework, shopping, and,
more recently, working from home. With the internet and
computers, long-distance communication has also become much
more accessible for people worldwide
 The Dark side of Computing
Negative effects of computer :
Although computers can be used as a tool to spread awareness
about problems in the environment, they cause a lot of
environmental problems themselves. Pollution caused computer
by the production of computer hardware, as well as from the
cleaning agents used to clean computers, is a great hazard to
the environment and the people that live in it. People leave their
computers on non stop resulting in a lot of energy consumption
and enormous amounts of paper are being used daily to print out
electronically stored data. It causes health problems as well as
economic problems and is in urgent need of treatment .Use
computer only when needed. If we all shut down our computers at
night the energy savings could light the Eiffel Tower 24 hours a
day for 720 years. The increased use of computers in the
workplace has brought about the development of a number of
health concerns. Many individuals who work at a computer report
a high level of job-related complaints and symptoms, including
ocular discomfort, muscular strain and stress.
Spamming, Cyber bullying are some illegal activities done
 Ethics –the golden rules
What Do Computer Ethics Mean?
Computer ethics deals with the procedures, values and practices that govern the process of consuming computing technology and
its related disciplines without damaging or violating the moral values and beliefs of any individual, organization or entity.
Computer ethics primarily enforces the ethical implementation and use of computing resources. It includes methods and procedures
to avoid infringing copyrights, trademarks and the unauthorized distribution of digital content. Computer ethics also entails the
behavior and approach of a human operator, workplace ethics and compliance with the ethical standards that surround computer
use.
Why do we really need to concern about computer ethics ?
To protect personal & commercial information such as login & password info, credit card and account information and
government and commercial databases. It also controls unwanted internet mail and ads (Spam).
To control plagiarism, student identity fraud, and the use of copyrighted material, etc.
To make ICT available and accessible to all peoples, including the disabled and the deprived. Accessibility needs to be
kept in mind during curriculum design (in educational contexts), in order to maximize the capabilities of the technology
To suppress dishonest business practices and to protect and encourage fair competition
To promote moral and social values in society

.
SOME FUNDAMENTAL ETHICS

The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics were created in

1992 by the Washington, D.C. based Computer Ethics Institute.[The
commandments were introduced in the paper "In Pursuit of a 'Ten
Commandments' for Computer Ethics" by Ramon C. Bar quin as a
means to create "a set of standards to guide and instruct people in
the ethical use of computers. They follow the
Internet Advisory Board's memo on ethics from 1987. The Ten
Commandments of Computer Ethics copies the archaic style of the
Ten Commandments from the King James Bible.

Thou shall not use a computer to harm other people.

Thou shall not interfere with other people's computer work.
Thou shall not snoop around in other people's computer files.
Thou shall not use a computer to steal.
Thou shall not use a computer to bear false witness.
Thou shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid
(without permission).
Thou shall not use other people's computer resources without authorization or
proper compensation.
Thou shall not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
Thou shall think about the social consequences of the program you are writing
or the system you are designing.
 Intellectual Property Right
• Intellectual property (IP) pertains to any original creation of the human intellect
such as artistic, literary, technical, or scientific creation. Intellectual property rights
(IPR) refers to the legal rights given to the inventor or creator to protect his
invention or creation for a certain period of time.[1] These legal rights confer an
exclusive right to the inventor/creator or his assignee to fully utilize his
invention/creation for a given period of time. It is very well settled that IP play a
vital role in the modern economy. It has also been conclusively established that the
intellectual labor associated with the innovation should be given due importance so
that public good emanates from it. There has been a quantum jump in research and
development (R&D) costs with an associated jump in investments required for
putting a new technology in the market place.[2] The stakes of the developers of
technology have become very high, and hence, the need to protect the knowledge
from unlawful use has become expedient, at least for a period, that would ensure
recovery of the R&D and other associated costs and adequate profits for continuous
investments in R&D.[3] IPR is a strong tool, to protect investments, time, money,
effort invested by the inventor/creator of an IP, since it grants the inventor/creator
an exclusive right for a certain period of time for use of his invention/creation. Thus
IPR, in this way aids the economic development of a country by promoting healthy
competition and encouraging industrial development and economic growth. Present
review furnishes a brief overview of IPR with special emphasis on pharmaceuticals.
 How to safeguard our data
• Back up your data
• Create a back-up copy of your data, and do this regularly. Store it somewhere other than your main
workplace, if possible. That way, if there’s a break-in, fire or flood, you don’t lose everything.
• Top tip: If you’re using an external device as your back-up, you’ll need to encrypt it. It’s also a good idea to
store it in a lockable cupboard or room if you can.
• 2. Use strong passwords
• Make sure you, your staff, volunteers, and anyone else involved in your operations uses strong passwords -
including smart phones, laptops, tablets, email accounts and computers.
• 3. Take care when working remotely
• Make sure the devices you use are as secure as the equipment you use in the office. Also be mindful of your
surroundings. If you’re on a train, for example, it’s relatively easy for other people to see your screen.
• 4. Be wary of suspicious emails
• Educate yourself and those working for you on how to spot suspicious emails. Checking for obvious signs
such as bad grammar, requests for you to act urgently, and requests for payment will help you avoid being
caught out. If it looks suspicious, don’t trust it – and warn your staff not to either.
• 5. Install anti-virus and malware protection
• And keep it up-to-date. The National Cyber Security Centre has some useful advice and guidance on
cyber security.
• 6. Don’t leave paperwork or laptops unattended
• Data breaches can occur when staff and volunteers leave paperwork or laptops unattended. This could be in
the boot of a car, on a train, or at home. Make sure you take steps to protect the personal data you hold by
being vigilant and storing it securely away when it’s not in use.
• 7. Make sure your Wi-Fi is secure
• Using public Wi-Fi or an insecure connection could put personal data at risk, so you should make sure you
always use a secure connection when connecting to the internet.
• 8. Lock your screen when you’re away from your desk
• And make sure your staff do the same. Taking steps to lock your screen when you leave your desk is a simple
thing to do, but will prevent someone else from accessing your computer1..
 Spamming
What Does Spamming Mean?
Spamming is the use of electronic messaging systems like e-
mails and other digital delivery systems and broadcast
media to send unwanted bulk messages indiscriminately.
The term spamming is also applied to other media like in
internet forums, instant messaging, and mobile text
messaging, social networking spam, junk fax
transmissions, television advertising and sharing
network spam.
• How to stop it:
• Report the email as spam.
• Block spam email addresses.
• Change your email privacy settings.
• Unsubscribe from unwanted newsletters or mailing lists.
• Use a secondary email address.
 Software Piracy
Software piracy describes the act of illegally using, copying, or distributing
software without ownership or legal rights. The majority of software today is
purchased as a single-user license, meaning that only one computer may have
that software installed on it at one time. Copying that software to multiple
computers or sharing it with your friend without multiple licenses is considered
software piracy, which is illegal. Additionally, downloading pirated software from
the Internet could be a security risk to your computer; it can be difficult to know
what else may be getting installed.
How to stop it :
• The most common methods to prevent software piracy include the
following:
• License keys. This is the most widely used software piracy prevention method. ...
• Antipiracy software. ...
• Print/copy restrictions. ...
• Streaming protections. ...
• Copyright symbol. ...
• Antipiracy incentives. ..
• Demo or trial version
 Cyber Bullying
• Cyber bullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like
cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyber bullying can occur
through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or
gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content.
Cyber bullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative,
harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can
include sharing personal or private information about someone
else causing embarrassment or humiliation. Some cyber bullying
crosses the line into unlawful or criminal behavior.
• The most common places where cyber bullying occurs are:
• Social Media, such as Face book, Snap chat, and LinkedIn
• Text messaging and messaging apps on mobile or tablet devices
• Instant messaging, direct messaging, and online chatting over the
internet
• Online forums, chat rooms, and message boards.
 Action Against Cyber Crime
• Anyone using the internet should exercise some basic precautions. Here are 11 tips you can use to help
protect yourself against the range of cybercrimes out there.

• 1. Use a full-service internet security suite

• It’s a good idea to consider trusted security software like Norton 360 with Life Lock Select, which provides
all-in-one protection for your devices, online privacy, and identity, and helps protect your private and financial
information when you go online.

• 2. Use strong passwords

• Don’t repeat your passwords on different sites, and change your passwords regularly. Make them complex.
That means using a combination of at least 10 letters, numbers, and symbols. A password management
application can help you to keep your passwords locked down.
• 3. Keep your software updated
• This is especially important with your operating systems and internet security software. Cybercriminals
frequently use known exploits, or flaws, in your software to gain access to your system. Patching those
exploits and flaws can make it less likely that you’ll become a cybercrime target.
• 4. Manage your social media settings
• Keep your personal and private information locked down. Social engineering cybercriminals can often get
your personal information with just a few data points, so the less you share publicly, the better. For instance,
if you post your pet’s name or reveal your mother’s maiden name, you might expose the answers to two
common security questions.
• 5. Strengthen your home network
• It’s a good idea to start with a strong encryption password as well as a virtual private network. A VPN will
encrypt all traffic leaving your devices until it arrives at its destination. If cybercriminals do manage to hack
your communication line, they won’t intercept anything but encrypted data. It’s a good idea to use a VPN
whenever you a public Wi-Fi network, whether it’s in a library, café, hotel, or airport.
 Cyber Crimes
• Cyber crime is taken very seriously by law enforcement. In the
early long periods of the cyber security world, the standard cyber
criminals were teenagers or hobbyists in operation from a home
laptop, with attacks principally restricted to pranks and malicious
mischief. Today, the planet of the cyber criminals has become a lot
of dangerous. Attackers are individuals or teams who attempt to
exploit vulnerabilities for personal or financial gain.
• We have seen a significant growth in cyber criminality in the form of
high-profile ransom ware campaigns over the last year. Breaches
leaked personal data on a massive scale leaving victims vulnerable
to fraud, while lives were put at risk and services damaged by the
ransom ware campaign that affected the NHS and many other
organizations worldwide. Tactics are currently shifting as
businesses are targeted over individuals and although phishing
attacks on individuals are increasing, fewer are falling victim as
people have become more alert.
 Cyber Laws
What is Cyber Law?
• Cyber law, also known as Internet Law or Cyber Law, is the part of the overall
legal system that is related to legal informatics and supervises the digital
circulation of information, e-commerce, software and information security. It is
associated with legal informatics and electronic elements, including information
systems, computers, software, and hardware. It covers many areas, such as
access to and usage of the Internet, encompassing various subtopics as well as
freedom of expression, and online privacy.
Why are cyber laws needed?
• There are many security issues with using the Internet and also available
different malicious people who try to unauthorized access your computer
system to perform potential fraud. Therefore, similarly, any law, cyber law is
created to protect online organizations and people on the network from
unauthorized access and malicious people. If someone does any illegal activity
or breaks the cyber rule, it offers people or organizations to have that persons
sentenced to punishment or take action against them.
 Hacking –A Constant Danger
What is Hacking?
• Hacking is the activity of identifying weaknesses in a computer system or a network
to exploit the security to gain access to personal data or business data. An example of
computer hacking can be: using a password cracking algorithm to gain access to a
computer system.
• Computers have become mandatory to run a successful businesses. It is not enough to
have isolated computers systems; they need to be networked to facilitate
communication with external businesses. This exposes them to the outside world and
hacking. System hacking means using computers to commit fraudulent acts such as
fraud, privacy invasion, stealing corporate/personal data, etc. Cyber crimes cost many
organizations millions of dollars every year. Businesses need to protect themselves
against such attacks
• What is Ethical Hacking?
• Ethical hacking is an authorized practice of detecting vulnerabilities in an application,
system, or organization’s infrastructure and bypassing system security to identify
potential data breaches and threats in a network. Ethical hackers aim to investigate the
system or network for weak points that malicious hackers can exploit or destroy. They
can improve the security footprint to withstand attacks better or divert them.
• The company that owns the system or network allows Cyber Security engineers to
perform such activities in order to test the system’s defenses. Thus, unlike malicious
hacking, this process is planned, approved, and more importantly, legal.
 Malicious Intent & Code
• Malware is software that has a malicious intent to cause damage to computer systems.
Sometimes the malware is an unintentional backdoor because of flaws, errors, or bad code.
What hackers have malicious intent?
• Black hats and white hats. Black hat hackers are malicious hackers, sometimes called
crackers.

What Is Malicious Code?

• Malicious code is the term used to describe any code in any part of a software system or
script that is intended to cause undesired effects, security breaches or damage to a
system. Malicious code is an application security threat that cannot be efficiently controlled
by conventional antivirus software alone. Malicious code describes a broad category of
system security terms that includes attack scripts, viruses, worms, Trojan horses, backdoors
and malicious active content.
• Malicious code may also include time bombs, hardcoded cryptographic constants and
credentials, deliberate information and data leakage and anti-debugging techniques. These
targeted malicious code threats are hidden in software and mask their presence to evade
detection by traditional security technologies.
• Once inside your environment, malicious code can enter network drives and propagate.
Malicious code can also cause network and mail server overload by sending email
messages; stealing data and passwords; deleting document files, email files or passwords;
and even reformatting hard drives
 Protection from Malicious Intent and Malicious Code
Protecting your device, critical applications, and indeed your entire network from those long lists of
malware requires more than just rolling out antivirus software. Nowadays, antivirus and another
signature-based approach to security are no longer considered enough to protect systems from
modern cyber threats. With over 350,000 new malware discovered every day, it’s practically impossible
for antivirus applications to keep tabs on these new and emerging threats.
This is why organizations need to develop a risk-based information security program that embraces the
principles of the zero-trust security model in their security strategy to boost cyber resilience. A security
program should address risk issues from a strategic, tactical, and operational standpoint. This includes
designing and implementing administrative, physical, and technical controls to protect critical digital
assets.
Thanks For Visiting This
World
Name -Asmika Ghosh
Class -9 Section -2
Roll no. -16