Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a
neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention,
or excessive activity and impulsivity, which are otherwise
not appropriate for a person's age.
For a diagnosis, the symptoms have to be present for more
than six months, and cause problems in at least two
settings (such as school, home, work, or recreational
activities)
Presentations Symptoms
•Most or all of the following symptoms, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or
medical condition: Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from one activity to another
•Have difficulty maintaining focus on one task
•Become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something they find enjoyable
•Have difficulty focusing attention on organizing or completing a task
•Have trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to
Inattentive
complete tasks or activities
•Appear not to be listening when spoken to
•Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly
•Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others
•Struggle to follow instructions
•Have trouble understanding details; overlooks details
•Most or all of the following symptoms, excluding situations where these symptoms are better explained by another psychiatric or
medical condition:Fidget or squirm a great deal;
•Talk nonstop;
•Dash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sight;
•Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and while doing homework;
Hyperactive-
•Be constantly in motion;
Impulsive
•Have difficulty performing quiet tasks or activities;
•Be impatient;
•Blurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequences;
•Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turn in games;
•Often interrupt conversations or others' activities;
Combined Meet the criteria for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD.
Diagnostic criteria
According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), symptoms
must be present for six months or more to a degree that is
much greater than others of the same age.
T
hey must cause significant problems functioning in at least
two settings (e.g., social, school/work, or home).
The criteria must have been met before age twelve to
receive a diagnosis of ADHD.
This requires at least 6 symptoms of inattention or
hyperactivity/impulsivity.
Causes
Genetics
Twin studies indicate that the disorder is often inherited from the person's parents.
Pre Natal cause:
Maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy.
Intrauterine growth restriction.
Maternal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases may damage fetal tissues, aggravating a
genetic problem or damaging the nervous system.
Environmental factors include, lead poisoning, infectious diseases, alcohol, smoking,
illicit drugs, and prenatal stress.
Premature birth
Brain trauma
Society
The youngest children in a class have been found to be
more likely to be diagnosed as having ADHD, possibly due
to their being developmentally behind their older
classmates.
Pathophysiology
Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with
functional impairments in some of the brain's
neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involving
dopamine and norepinephrine.
Brain structure
• In children with ADHD, there is a general reduction of volume
in certain brain structures, with a proportionally greater
decrease in the volume in the left-sided prefrontal cortex.
• The posterior parietal cortex also shows thinning in
individuals with ADHD compared to controls.
• The subcortical volumes of the accumbens, amygdala,
caudate, hippocampus, and putamen appears smaller in
individuals with ADHD compared with controls.
Management
Awareness
Acceptance
• SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING
Empathy
Early diagnosis • INTERVENTION THROUGH
medical treatment SOCIAL STORY
Occupation therapy
Multi sensory • DRAMA THERAPY
therapy • Behavior modification
Dance movement • Group intervention
therapy • Music therapy
Play therapy
THANK YOU…