PROBABILITY AND

STATISTICS
PRACTICA
L FILE
SEM 1

BY:RASHI MUKHIJA
ROLL:2025MTS1048
BSc(H) MATHEMATICS
 1. STEM AND LEAF PLOT
2. DOT PLOT
INDEX 3. HISTOGRAM
4. BOX PLOT
5. COMPARITIVE BOX PLOT
6. MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE
7. PROBABILITY PLOT
8. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
9. POISSON DISTRIBUTION
10. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
11. REGRESSION LINE
12. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
13. CENTAL LIMIT THEOREM
14. BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
1.) STEM AND LEAF PLOT

A stem and a leaf plot is a method of displaying data in a way that shows the
distribution and frequency of values in a dataset. It’s typically used for small
to moderately sized datasets. In a stem and a leaf plot:

:The “stem” consists of the leading digits of each datapoint, organized

vertically in ascending stems.

:The “leaves” are the trailing digits of each datapoint, arranged horizontally
next to their respective stems.
STEPS:

1.)Generate a set of random numbers using =RANDBETWEEN(LOWER LIMIT,UPPER

LIMIT) command and copy and then paste that set of numbers in another column(use
paste special option and then click numbers ).
2.) now, sort the data by selecting the numbers and the
select “sort ascending” icon from the dashboard.

3.)For locating the stem, we will use the command

“=VALUE(LEFT(“CELL”,1))” to select one digit from the
left side of the number

4.)For obtaining the leaf , we will use the formula

“=VALUE(RIGHT(“CELL”,1))” to select one digit from
the right side of the number.
5.) Now we have to determine the leaf position by using
the syntax”=countif($”first stem column”$”first stem
row”:first stem cell, first stem cell”).

Here “$” sign is used to fix that particular row and

column. And leaf position is determined to avoid errors in
case of repetition of data.

6.)Now, we have to plot a chart. Select the stem

and leaf position column ( press ctrl for
selecting disjoint data) and insert the chart(XY
scatter) and remove display legends in the chart
elements option.
7.)Now right click on any symbol of plot and click on insert data labels and our stem.

The leaf plot is ready.

2.) DOT PLOT
A Dot plot is a statistical chart of data points plotted on a fairly simple scale,
typically using filled in circles. Here are the steps to make a Dot plot.

STEPS:

1.)Generate a set of random numbers using =RANDBETWEEN(LOWER LIMIT,UPPER LIMIT)

command and copy and then paste that set of numbers in another column(use paste
special option and then click numbers ).
2.) Now use the command “=COUNTIF($COLUMN
LETTER$ROW NUMBER: $CELL REFERENCE, CELL
REFERENCE) In order to know the frequency of a
particular data value.

3.) Select the cell and drag down in order to

obtain the frequency value for all the other data
values.
4.) Select both the columns with data values and frequency values, click on insert and select
chart.

A chart type window will appear, click on XY scattered chart type,

Remove display legends and gridlines from the chart element section. Click finish.
5.) Right click on the dot on the graph and Select format data series. From the line column,
select icon and then select the circle symbol on the drop down list. Click OK.
The Dot plot is ready.
 3.) HISTOGRAM

A histogram is a graphical representation showing data distribution by

grouping values into continuous intervals, helping identify patterns such as
frequency, skewness and variability.

STEPS:

1.) Generate a set of random numbers using =RANDBETWEEN(LOWER LIMIT,UPPER

LIMIT) command and copy and then paste that set of numbers in another column(use
paste special option and then click numbers ).
2.) Select the data and insert the chart and select the chart type as BAR Graph
3.) Right click on any Bar and chose format data series and in the option section set the spacing
to 0%, click ok.
The Histogram is ready.
 4.) BOX PLOT

A boxplot, also know as a box and whisker plot is a graphical representation of

a data set’s distribution. It displays key summary statistics, including the
median, quartiles and potential outlines. The plot consists of a rectangular box
that represents the inter quartile range (IQR) and whisker that extend from the
box to the minimum and maximum values with in a specified range. Typically,
the whisker show the minimum and maximum data values within 1.5 times the
IQR. Box plots are useful for visualising the central tendency of data making it
easy to compare different data sets.

Here are the steps to make a box plot.

STEPS:

1.) Manually enter the data of the ages.

2.) Now for finding the minimum value, use the command “=MIN(range)”
3.) For finding the 1st quartile use the command
“=QUARTILE(range,1)”

4.) For finding the Median use the command “=MEDIAN(range)”

5.) For finding the 3rd quartile use the command

“=QUARTILE(range,3)”

6.) For finding the minimum value use the command “=MIN(range)”
7.) Now select the data and insert a chart. (BAR type).
The chart should be of the stacked type.

In the data range option select data series in a row

Uncheck display legends under chart elements.

Click OK.
8.) Now right click on the orange box and select
“Enter Y Error Bars”

Select cell range and click on negative error

indicator and then select the cell range for the
1st quartile value.

9.) Now right click on the green box and select

“Enter Y Error Bars”

Select cell range and click on positive error

indicator and then select the cell range for the 3rd
quartile value.
10.) Now right click on the blue box and select “Format data series option”

In the area option choose none. (repeat the same steps for orange and red boxes.)
11.) Now right click on the yellow box and select “Format data series option”. In the area option
choose none and add the borders for the box. (repeat the same steps for the green box)

The Box plot is ready.

 5.) coaramptive BOX PLOT

A comparative boxplot visually

display the distribution of a data set
across different categories or groups.

STEPS:

1.) Manually enter the data for the sales of 3

different years.
2.) Now for finding the minimum value, use
the command “=MIN(range)”

For finding the 1st quartile use the command

“=QUARTILE(range,1)”

For finding the Median use the command

“=MEDIAN(range)”

For finding the 3rd quartile use the command

“=QUARTILE(range,3)”

For finding the minimum value use the

command “=MIN(range)”

(Repeat the same steps for the year 2017 &

2018)
3.) Now select the data and insert a chart. (BAR type).
The chart should be of the stacked type.

In the data range option select data series in a row

Uncheck display legends under chart elements.

Click OK.
4.) Now right click on the orange box and select
“Enter Y Error Bars”

Select cell range and click on positive and

negative error indicator and then select the cell
range for the 1st quartile value for all three years

5.) Now right click on the green box and select

“Enter Y Error Bars”

Select cell range and click on positive error

indicator and then select the cell range for the 3rd
quartile value for all three years.
6.) Now right click on the blue box and select “Format data series option”

In the area option choose none. (repeat the same steps for orange, light blue and red boxes.)
The Comparative Box plot is ready.
6.) MEAN Median and Mode
MEAN:

The mean is the sum of all the values divided by the number of values, It’s the most
common measure of central tendency, sensitive to all data points.

MEDIAN:

The median is the middle value in a ordered data set. It divide the data into two equal
halves and is less effective by the outliers than the mean.

Median = value at position (N + 1)/2 after sorting data in an ascending order. (Odd
number of values)

Median = value at position (N/2) and {N/2)+1}. (Even number of values)

M0DE:

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. A data set can have
one mode, multiple modes or no mode at all.

RANGE:

Range is the difference between the largest and the smallest values in a data set. It
shows how spread out or dispersed the data values are.

Here are the steps to find Mean, Median, Mode & Range.
STEPS:

1.)Generate a set of random numbers using =RANDBETWEEN(LOWER LIMIT,UPPER LIMIT)

command and copy and then paste that set of numbers in another column(use paste special option
and then click numbers ).
2.)For finding the mean use the syntax “=AVERAGE(RANGE)”,

3.)For finding the median use the syntax “=MEDIAN(RANGE)”,

4.)For finding the mode use the syntax “=MODE(RANGE)”,

5.)For finding the range use the syntax “=MAX(RANGE)-MIN(RANGE)”,

Here are the MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE RANGE.
7.) PROBABILITY PLOT

A probability plot is a special graph that helps us quickly see if a set of

data follows a normal distribution, often called a “bell curve”. It shows
how your specific data points compare to what a perfect normal
distribution would look like. This visual comparison is very powerful.

Key indicator:

If your data points line up in a thoroughly straight line on the plot, it

suggests your data is “normal” or very close to it.
STEPS:

1.)Generate a set of random numbers

using =RANDBETWEEN(LOWER
LIMIT,UPPER LIMIT) command and copy
and then paste that set of numbers in
another column(use paste special option
and then click numbers ).

2.)Now sort the data in ascending order

by selecting it.
3.)Now we have to rank the numbers in by typing 1
in front of the first number and then dragging the
mouse down.

4.)For calculating the position fraction (fi) use the

command “=(RANK1 CELL-0.5)/COUNT($” FIRST
OLUMN NAME”$”FIRST ROW NAME”:$”FIRST
COLUMN NAME”$999)”.

5.)For calculating the Z-score use the command

“=[Link](CELL UNDER FI)”.
6.)Now, we have to plot a chart. Select the Sorted data and z-score column (
press ctrl for selecting disjoint data) and insert the chart(XY scatter) and
remove display legends in the chart elements option.
The Probability plot is ready.
8.) DESCRIPTIVE STATistics
QUARTILE:

Quartile are values that divide a sorted list of nubers into 4 equal parts.

1st Quatile is the value in a data set that marks 25% point when the data is
arranged in ascending order.
2nd Quartile is the median which is the middle value of a data set that has
been arranged in ascending order;
3rd Quatile is the value in a data set that marks 75% point when the data is
arranged in ascending order

VARIANCE:

Variance is the average of squared difference from the mean.

Standard Deviation

A Standard deviation is defined as the deviation of the values of data from

an average mean.
STEPS:

1.)Generate a set of random numbers

using =RANDBETWEEN(LOWER
LIMIT,UPPER LIMIT) command and copy
and then paste that set of numbers in
another column(use paste special option
and then click numbers ).

2.)Now sort the data in ascending order

by selecting it.
3.)For finding the 1st quartile use the command =QUARTILE(CELLRANGE,1)

For 2nd & 3rd Quartile change the number from 1 to 2,3.
4.)For finding the variance use the
command =VARIANCE(CELLRANGE)

5.)For finding the Standard Deviation use the

command =STDEV(CELLRANGE)
Here are the Quartile, Variance and Standard Deviation.
9.) POISSON DISTRIBUTION
A Poisson Distribution is a probability distribution that
predicts how many times an event will happen within a
given period of time

STEPS:
1) Obtain random data in order to create a poisson distribution,
where f is the frequency of X. Utilize the syntax “sum(range) to
complete the sum for the frequency columns
2.) To obtain (Xi*Fi), we multiply the first column by the
second column in the new column created and named XF. The
sum of XF is then determined

3.)Apply the formula sum of XF/sum of F in order to

obtain the mean of our set of data

4.) Now we find pmf of poisson distribution. We use

the syntax “=[Link](x,mean,cumulative)
THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION CHART IS
READY.
10.) NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Normal Distribution, also known as the Gaussian
distribution is a probability distribution that is
symmetric about the mean. It shows that data
near the mean are more frequent in occurrence
than the far from the mean.
In graphical form, the normal distribution appears
as a “bell-shaped curve”

STEPS:
1.) Enter the data on the number of electronic
items
2.)Calculating the mean and standard deviation
using
Mean =average(data)
Standard deviation =Stddev.p(data)

3.) Now we calculate the normal distribution of

each individual electronic device
To create the Normal Distribution chart, Follow these steps- Insert> Chart> select
Area, uncheck display legends and Y-grids and Finish

The Normal Distribution chart is ready

11.) Line of regression
A regression line is a straight line that represents
the relationship between a dependent variable
(usually denoted as “y”) and one or more
independent variables (usually denoted as “x”)
STEPS:
1.) Enter data in two columns- X for product’s price
and Y for quantity sold at that price.
2.) Calculate mean of both columns X and Y using “=AVERAGE()”

3.) Locate yi -mean of y column and xi –mean of x

column. Simple use of (VALUE OF EACH X – MEAN
OF X)

4.) Using the deviations, we calculate two

additional quantities: the product of the deviations
of X and Y, and the square of the deviation of X.
These values are essential for determining the
slope and intercept of the regression line.
5.) After computing all required components, we sum the deviation products and the
squared deviations. Using these totals, we calculate the slope of the regression line
and then the intercept using the formula for least squares estimation.
6.) Finally, we plot the X and Y values using an XY scatter chart and insert a
trendline. The chart displays the regression line, along with the equation and the R²
value, showing the strength of the linear relationship.

The Line of Regression is ready.

12.) CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
The correlation coefficient measures how strongly
two variables move together and indicates
whether their relationship is positive, negative, or
weak.
STEPS:
1.) We begin by creating two columns, X and Y,
where X represents the fixed deposit interest rate
and Y represents the frequency of deposits. After
entering the data, we calculate the mean of both
columns using the AVERAGE function.
2.) Next, we find how far each value is from its mean by
subtracting the mean of X from each X value, and the mean of Y
from each Y value. This gives us the deviation columns (X – X̄) and
(Y – Ȳ).

3.) We then create two more

columns to compute the
product of the deviations and
the square of the X
deviations. These values help
us determine the slope and
intercept of the regression
line.

4.) After that, we calculate the required parametric values by summing the deviation
products and squared deviations. Using these totals, we compute the slope and
intercept of the line of best fit, and then use them to calculate the correlation
4.) Finally, we plot an XY scatter chart using X and Y, add a trendline, and display the
equation and R² value. This visual representation confirms the strength and direction
of the relationship between the two variables.

The X-Y Scatter Plot is ready.

13.) CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
 The Central Limit Theorem in Statistics states that as the sample size
increases and its variance is finite, then the distribution of the sample mean
approaches the normal distribution, irrespective of the shape of the
population distribution.

 STEPS:
1.) STEP 1- Take some data samples and write it as “sample 1”, “sample 2” and
so on.(In the example , 20 samples containing 20 values each is taken , hence
here n=20).
 2.) Now take n=4(first four values of a single
sample), then n=8 and n=20 and calculate their mean for
all the 20 samples using command “=AVERAGE(SAMPLE
RANGE)”.

3) Now find the mean of n=4, n=8 and n=20

columns as well as the mean of whole population.

4) Use commands “=MIN(DATA RANGE”,

“=MAX(DATA RANGE” and “=MAX-MIN” to
find minimum,
maximum and range of the data
respectively.
5)Now find out the population size by using
the command “=COUNT(DATA RANGE)”. Also
find the bins width by the command
“=RANGE/ROUND(SQRT(POPULATION SIZE))”.

6) Now, to calculate bins value do the following:

a. To calculate first bin, add bins width and
minimum
value.
b. In order to calculate the second bin, add the
previous
bin value and the bins width value.

Now keep adding bins till the value of the bin is

equal to
the maximum value.
Now keep adding bins till the
value of the bin is equal to
the maximum value.

7) Calculate the frequency of the data by

“=FREQUENCY(DATA RANGE,BINS RANGE)”.
8) Calculate frequency of the samples n=4, n=8
and n=20 by using “=FREQUENCY(SAMPLE RANG
BINS
RANGE)”.
9) Select bins and frequency columns and insert column chart, click next and select first
column as label, click on chart elements, give title; label X and Y axis; untick Display legend
and Y axis lines ,and click Finish.
The Histogram is ready.
10) Select bins column, n=4,n=8 and n=20 columns and insert second type of XY scatter chart.
Click next select first column as label , click chart elements and give title , name X and Y axis and
click Finish.
The X-Y Scatter Chart is ready.
14.) BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
A binomial distribution gives the
probability of getting a certain number of
successes in a fixed number of
independent trials, where each trial has
only two possible outcomes and a
constant probability of success.
STEPS:
1) We begin by selecting a simple
scenario involving repeated trials. In this
example, we use a case where each trial
results in drawing either a blue or red
ball, and each outcome has an equal
probability of occurring.
2.) Next, we define the parameters of the binomial distribution:
•the number of trials (n = 26)
•the possible number of successes (x = 0 to 26)
•and the probability of success (p = 0.5)
These parameters allow us to compute the binomial probabilities.

3.) We create two columns: one listing all possible values of x from 0 to 26, and the
other containing the probability of each x value. We compute these probabilities
using the BINOMDIST function with parameters (x, n, p, 0), where 0 specifies the
non-cumulative form.
4.) Finally, we plot the distribution by selecting both the x-values and their
corresponding probabilities, then inserting a column chart. After adjusting the labels
and removing the legend, we obtain a clear binomial distribution graph showing the
probability mass function.
The Binomial Distribution Chart is
ready.