Of all the AC
motors, the 3-
Ø induction
motor is one
which is
extensively
used for
various kinds
of industrial
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF
INDUCTION MOTOR
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple and rugged
Lower starting torque
construction compared to D.C shunt
Low cost and minimum motor.
maintenance
Speed decreases with the
High reliability and increase of load.
sufficiently high efficiency
Speed can not be varied
Needs no extra starting without sacrificing some of
motor and need not be efficiency
synchronized
Rotor of induction motor gets supply by
induction, in same way as the secondary
of two winding transformer gets supply
from primary.
Induction motor is also called rotating
There are two main
parts of the motor.
(1) Stator (2) Rotor
Stator is stationary
part of the motor
while rotor is rotating
part of motor.
Stator is made up of
no of laminations
which are slotted to
receive windings.
All the stampings are
stacked together and
make a hollow cylinder.
field Coils wire are
inserted into slots of the
stator core.
These field coils are
supplied by 3 phase
supply.
Magnetic field of constant magnitude but
revolving at synchronous speed is produced.
This revolving magnetic field induces e.m.f
in the rotor by mutual induction. Field
revolves at synchronous speed which is
Ns= 120f/P.
Where f= supply frequency,
P=no of poles
The number of poles for which stator is
wound depends upon the requirement
of speed.
Greater the number of poles lesser will
be the speed and vice-versa.
No of poles is given by
P=2n,where n is
slots/pole/phase
Rotor consists of
laminated core .
The laminations
consists of parallel
slots to receive the
rotor windings.
Rotor windings are
not wires but they
are heavy copper
bars.
One rotor bar is placed
in one slot .
The rotor bars welded
to two short circuiting
end rings thus looks
squirrel case.
Rotor bars are
permanently short
circuited on themselves
so it is not possible to
add any external
resistance for starting
purpose.
Rotor is wound with
double layer 3-phase
windings . All the
three phase are
starred internally .
The other three
terminals are taken
out and connected to
three insulated slip
rings mounted on the
shaft with brushes
resting on them.
The brushes are
further connected to
The above rotor construction makes
possible the introduction of external
resistance in the rotor circuit.
this will increase the starting torque
and also changing torque-speed
characteristics of the motor.
Running under normal conditions, slip
rings are
Short circuited and brushes are lifted to
reduce frictional losses.
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound
rotor
Notice
the slip
rings
The stator field revolves at synchronous
speed
While rotor is still stationary.
this induces e.m.f in rotor conductors
Rotor current is produced whose direction
is opposite to every cause of producing it.
Here that is relative velocity between
synchronously revolving field and
stationary rotor conductors.
To reduce that rotor starts rotating in
same direction of the field.
The difference between the synchronous
speed Ns and actual speed N of the rotor
is known as slip.
%S= Ns-N/ Ns X100
When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , motor is
in standstill condition the frequency of the
induced voltage is equal to the supply
frequency
On the other hand, if the rotor runs at
synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency
will be zero
Torque slip curve is rectangular
hyperbola
The stable operation lies between s=0
to and that corrsponding to maximum
torque.
Greater the value of R, greater will be
the slip at which the maximum torque
occurs.
It is used in Textile mills,
Cement factories
Printing presses
Synchronous
motors will run at
synchronous speed
in accordance with
the formula:
It runs at
synchronous speed
or not at all.
It is not self starting
It is capable of
being operated
under a wide range
of power factors.
Armature winding
mounted on
stationary element
called stator.
Field windings on a
rotating element.
Magnetizing current
is obtained from a
small d.c. generator.
If the rotor is not
stationary but
rotating anticlocwise,
and rotates through
one pole pitch by the
time staor poles
changes it position,
stator and rotor
poles attract each
other.
When motor is
loaded rotor will fall
back by an angle α
called the load
angle.
The magnitude of E
will depend upon
rotor excitation.
When Eb=V,
All synchronous
motors are
equipped with
damper windings .
Damper windings
are Cu bars
embedded in pole -
shoes. such a motor
starts ,acting
as an induction
motor during the
Synchronous motors find extensive
applications for the following classes of
service.
Power factor correction
Constant speed applications
Voltage regulation
INDUCTION MOTOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
It runs on less than
It runs always only on
synchronous speed. synchronous speed.
It can supply only
It can supply mechanical
mechanical loads. load and also can improve
It always runs with a system power factor.
lagging p.f which may
It can be operated over
becomes very low at light wide range of Power
loads. factors, both lagging and
I.M is self starting. leading.
D.C excitation is not
It is not self starting.
required.
D.C excitation is required.
These motors are useful
These motors are useful
for for constant speed drives.
Variable speed drives.