SİLVER
RAHİME BOZACIOĞLU
220203014
CONTENTS
Place in the periodic table
Physical and Chemical
Properties
Mineral forms
Uses areas of Silver
Production Methods
Questions
Referances
PLACE IN THE PERIODIK TABLE
Silver (Ag) is a transition
metal located in group 11 ,
period 5 of the periodic table.
It is represented by the
symbol Ag, derived from the
Latin word ‘argentum’ . Silver,
with an atomic number of 47,
is located in group 1B and is
classified among the d-block
elements. This position
determines silver’s chemical
and physical properties, such
as high electrical and thermal
conductivity.
Physical properties
Apperance: Lustrous, white metal
State at Room Temperature: Solid
Melting Point: 961.78°C (1,763.2°F)
Boiling Point: 2,162°C (3,924°F)
Density: 10.49 g/cm³
Conductivity: Excellent electrical and thermal
conductor
Malleability: High; can be beaten into extremely
thin sheets
Reflectivity: High; one of the best reflectors of
visible light
Chemical properties
Reactivity: Low; tarnishes in air due to reaction with sulfur
compounds, forming silver sulfide(Ag₂S)
Oxidation States: Commonly +1; less commonly +2 and +3
Affinity for Oxygen: Minimal; does not readily oxidize at room
temperature
Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in nitric acid(HNO₃) and
sulfuric acid(H₂SO₄)
Corrosion Resistance: High; especially resistant to water and
atmospheric oxygen
Alloying Behavior: Readily forms alloys with copper(Cu), gold(Au),
and other metals
Catalytic Properties: Acts as a catalyst in oxidation reactions
Formation of Compounds: Forms compounds primarily with
oxidation state +1, including silver(I)oxide(Ag₂O), silver nitrate
(AgNO₃), and silver chloride(AgCl).
MINERAL FORMS
Silver is found in nature both in pure form (native silver) and as a component of various
minerals. The main silver minerals and their chemical formulas are:
Proustite (Silver Arsenic Acanthite(Silver Sulfide - Chlorargyrite (Horn Silver- Pyrargyrite (Silver Antimony
Sulfide - Ag₃AsS₃) Ag₂S) AgCl) Sulfide - Ag₃SbS₃)
Stephanite (Silver Polybasite (Silver Copper Hessite (Silver telluride -
Antimony Sulfide - Ag₅SbS₄) Antimony Sulfide - Ag₂Te )
(Ag,Cu)₁₆Sb₂S₁₁)
1. Synthesis of Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃):
Silver reacts with nitric acid (HNO₃) to form silver nitrate, water and
nitrogen oxides.
3Ag + 4HNO3 → 3AgNO3 +2H2O + NO
Ag + 2HNO3 → AgNO3 + H2O +
NO2
2. Silver Oxide (Ag₂O) Formation:
Silver nitrate solution reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form silver oxide and
sodium nitrate.
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH → Ag2O + 2NaNO3 + H2O
3. Silver Sulfide (Ag₂S) Formation:
Silver reacts with hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the air to form silver sulfide.
2Ag + H2S → Ag2S + H2
4. Formation of Silver Halides:
Silver nitrate solution reacts with halogen salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) to form
precipitates such as silver chloride (AgCl).
AgNO3+ NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
USES AREAS OF
SİLVER
Electronics:
Jewelry and
It is used in electronic
circuits and components due
Ornaments:
It is preferred in making
to its high electrical
jewelry and decorative
conductivity. It is especially
items due to its shine and
preferred in the production
aesthetic appearance. It is
of devices such as
frequently used in jewelry
computers and mobile
such as necklaces, rings
phones.
and bracelets.
Photography: Coin Production:
Silver halides are used in It has been used in coin
traditional photographic films production throughout history.
because of their sensitivity to Today, it is preferred in some
light, which makes it possible to special collection coins.
record images.
Dentistry and Medicine: Solar Energy:
It is used in dental fillings It is used in solar panels,
and some medical devices especially photovoltaic cells,
due to its antibacterial to increase electricity
properties. There are also production. Thus, it plays an
products containing silver important role in renewable
in wound treatment. energy production.
Battery Manufacturing:
Mirror Production:
Used as electrode
It is used in mirror glaze
material in some special
production due to its high
batteries, especially silver-
reflectivity. In this way, clear
zinc batteries. These
and bright reflections are
batteries offer high energy
obtained.
density.
PRODUCTION
METHODS
Silver is usually produced by the extraction and refining of silver-bearing ores or as a by-
product during lead, zinc, copper, or gold mining. The main methods are:
Flotation Process:
–Silver-bearing ores (e.g. Galena, tetrahedrite) are crushed and finely ground.
– The ground ore is mixed with water and chemicals and agitated with air in flotation cells.
– Silver particles stick to air bubbles and rise to the surface and are collected as foam.
– Waste settles to the bottom and is removed.
Sintering:
- Concentrates are partially melted to remove sulfur dioxide(SO₂) and
fine particles are combined.
Smelting:
- Sintered material is melted in a blast furnace.
- Impurities are separated as slag and silver enriched in lead (bullion)
remains.
Refining:
- Electrolytic Refining: Silver is dissolved in electrolyte and collected purely in
cathodes.
- Parkes Process: Lead is processed with zinc to form an alloy that combines with silver
and pure silver is separated.
By-Product Recovery:
- Lead and Zinc Mining: Silver is extracted during the smelting of
concentrates of these metals.
- Copper Mining: Silver is recovered from the anode sludge formed
during electrolytic copper refining.
- Gold Mining: Silver is separated from gold dore bars by electrolytic or
chemical methods.
Major Refining Facilities:
- Port Pirie (South Australia): Produces refined silver from lead concentrates.
- Olympic Dam (Australia): Produces silver from copper refining by-products.
- Perth, Kalgoorlie and Melbourne Refineries: Separates silver from gold doré bars.
QUESTIONS
? What are the mineral forms of silver?
Acanthite(Silver Sulfide – Ag₂S)
Proustite (Silver Arsenic Sulfide – Ag₃AsS₃)
Chlorargyrite (Horn Silver- AgCl)
Stephanite (Silver Antimony Sulfide – Ag₅SbS₄)
Pyrargyrite (Silver Antimony Sulfide – Ag₃SbS₃)
? What are the physical properties of silver?
Silver is a lustrous white metal that is soft, malleable and
formable, and has high electrical and thermal conductivity.
REFERANCES
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