Introduction to Statistics

tistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with th

ection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of d

elps us understand and draw conclusions from informa

Types of Data
rimary Data: Collected directly from source.
econdary Data: Collected from published/unpublished so

mple:
imary: Conducting a survey.
condary: Reading from census report.
 Types of Series
1)Individual Series → Raw data
Eg: 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30

•Discrete Series → Values with frequency

Eg:
Marks 10 20 30 40
No. of 5 7 2 8
std.
•Continuous Series → Continuous intervals
(This series only we have to read in Class -
10)
Eg:Class 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
interval 20 30 40 50 60 70
Frequency 2 5 7 6 3 2

•Discontinuous Series → Intervals with gaps

Eg: C.I 0-9 10- 20- 30- 40-
19 29 39 49
Frequency 12 10 8 6 5
 Measures of Central Tendency

es a common central value that represents the characteristics of the ent

hree most common measure of central tendency are:

ean (i.e Average value)

edian ([Link] value) (when data is arranged in order)

ode (i.e. Most frequent value)

 Arithmetic Mean or Mean ()
• Mean is the average value of a data set.
• It represents the central value of the data.
Formulas or Methods of Mean for continuous serie
1. Direct Method: Mean() =
2. Shortcut Method: Mean () = A + where d
=x–A

3. Step-Deviation Method: Mean () = A + × h

where d'
=
1) You have the lists of how many students got certain scores on the t
scores
are grouped into ranges, like 10-20, 20-30, and so on. Based on the
data:
(i) Find the value of arithmetic mean.
(ii) Also, find the average class.
(iii) How many frequencies
Class 10- 20-are there
30- below
40- the
50-average
60- class?
(iv) How many frequencies
interval 20 30are there
40 above
50 the
60 average
70 class?
Frequency 2 5 7 6 3 2

CI f m fm
Sol:- i)By Direct method:
10- 2 1 30
20 5 (i) We know that,
20- 5 2 125 Mean() = = = 38.6
30 5
30- 7 3 245
40 5 (ii) Since mean is 38.6 so, mean class = 3

40- 6 4 270 (iii) Frequency below average class = (2+5

50 5
50- 3 5 165 (iv) Frequency above average class = (6+3
60 5
60- 2 6 130
OR , by shortcut method:
let Assumed mean (A) = 35
CI f m d=m- fxd
A
10- 2 1 -20 -40
20 5
20- 5 2 -10 -50
30 5
30- 7 3 0 0
40 5
40- 6 4 10 60
50 5
Mean ()
50- 3 = A5 + 20 60
60 =5 35 +
= 35 + 3.6
60- 2 =6 30
38.6(Ans) 60
70 5
N=2 ∑fd=
5 90
OR , by step deviation method:
let Assumed mean (A) = 35 , i= 10
CI f m d=m f x d’
-A
10- 2 1 -20 -2 -4
20 5
20- 5 2 -10 -1 -5
30 5
30- 7 3 0 0 0
40 5
40- 6 4 10 1 6
50 5
50- 3 5 20 2 6
60 5
Mean () = A + x i
60- 2 6 30 = 335 + 6
70 5
N=2 = 35 + 3.6∑fd’=
5 9
= 38.6 (Ans)
2) A statistician has some lists with numbers grouped into test
scores, but some
numbers are missing:
(i) Find the value of N and in terms of missing frequency.
(ii) Find the value of missing frequency denoted by letter.
(iii) Find the average class and its frequency.
(iv) Compare the frequency above average class and below average
[Link] 0-10 10- 20- 30- 40- 50-
(a)The mean of the given
score 20 data30 is 28.
40 50 60
Frequenc 12 18 27 K 17 6
CI yf m fm
Sol:-
0-10 12 5 60 (i) N= 80+kand Efm=2100+35k
10- 18 1 270 (ii) We know that,
20 5 Mean() =
or,28 =
20- 27 2 675
or, 2240+28k=2100+35k
30 5
or, 2240-
30- k
2100=35k-28k 3 35k
40 5 or, k=140/7 :.
k=20
40- 17 4 765
50 5 (iii) Since mean is 28 so, average
class is (20-30) and its
50- 6 5 330
frequency is 27.
60 5
iv) Frequency above average
 MEDIAN
• Median is the middle value of a data set when arranged
in
ascending or descending order.
• It divides the data into two equal parts.

Formula/steps of Median for continuous

series:
i)At first , arrange the given data either in ascending or descending
order and
then construct cumulative frequency(c.f) table
ii) Secondly, Position of Median = item
In c.f column, the value just greater than or equal to item is __ and
it’s
corresponding class is median class.
iii) Median(Md) = L + where,
L = lower limit of median class
N = total frequency
c.f. = cumulative frequency before median
1) The table below displays the scores achieved by the students in
class X A,
having unit test with 20 full marks.
(i) Construct a cumulative frequency
Mark 0≤xtable.
4≤x 8≤x≤ 12≤x≤ 16≤x≤
(ii) Find the median class. s ≤4 ≤8 12 16 20
(iii) Find the median value.
F 5 7 8 7 5
(iv) Compare the frequencies
above and below the median class.
Sol-
i) Construction of c.f. table (ii) The value of N is 32
C.I f c.f
(iii) Position of Median = item= = 16th item
0-4 5 5
4-8 7 5+7=1 In c.f. column, the value just greater than
16 is 20 2 and it’s corresponding
class is (8-12)
8-12 8 12+8=
(iv)Now, L=8, I =12-8 = 4, f=8 , c.f. = 12
20
∴ Median(Md) = L +
12- 7 27 =8+
16 = 8 + = 10
16- 5 32
20 (v) Frequency above median class = 7 + 5 = 12
Frequency below median class = 7 + 5 = 12
N=3
Thus, ratio of frequencies = 12: 12 = 1:1
2
2) The given data set shows the test scores of a class of students in
a math exam. Each
score is out of 60. This data helps to0-understand
Marks 10- 20-how30-
well 40-50
the
students performed. 10 20 30 40
(i) Construct a c.f. table.
(ii) Find the median class. No. of 9 21 x 15 10
std.
(iii) Find the value of x if the median is 24
(iv) Find the number of students above the median class.
Sol-
C.I
(i) Construction f of c. f.c.f
table: (ii) Since , median = 24
0-10 9 9 So, median class is 20-30.

10-20 21 30 (iii) Now, L = 20, h=10, f= x, c.f.

= 30
20-30 X 30+x
∴ Median(Md) = L +
30-40 15 45+x or, 24 = 20 + (
40-50 10 55+x or, 24 -20 = (
or, 4 =
N= 55+x or, 4x =5x -25
∴ x = 25

(iv) Number of students above median class =

 MODE
• Mode is the value that occurs most frequently
in a data set.
• It represents the most common value.

- When two values occur with the same greatest

frequency , each one is a mode and the data

set is bimodal.

- When more than two values occur with the

same greatest
frequency, each one is a mode and the data
set is
multimodal.

- In a data, when no value is repeated then we

Formula of Mode for continuous series:
Modal class= The class having the highest
frequency.
Mode(Mo) = L + × h

where,
L = lower limit of modal class
f₁ = frequency of modal class
f₀ = frequency before modal class
f₂ = frequency after modal class
h/c/i = class size /width of class interval
The formula can also be written as:
Mode(Mo) = L + × h

where, 1 = & 1 +2 = 2
1)The following data shows wages, worker numbers . Answer the
questions below. Wages per 30- 40- 50- 60- 70-
hour(Rs) 40 50 60 70 80
No. of workers 3 5 7 5 3
(i)Identify the modal class.
(ii) Find the frequencies of pre modal class (f0) and post modal class
(f2).
(iii) Compute
Sol:- the mode.
(i) The highest frequency is 7 and it's corresponding class is
(iv) How many are above and below the modal class?
(50-60)
So, Modal class = 50 – 60

(ii) From the table, f0 = 5 and f2 =5.

(iii) We have, L = 50, h = 10 and f1 = 7

Mode(Mo) = L + × h
= 50 + × 10
= 50 +
= 55
Thus, the mode of given data is 55.

(iv) No. of workers above modal class = 5 + 3 = 8

No. of workers below modal class = 3+5=8
2) In a math class, students find missing frequencies using the mode
and analyze
class intervals
C.I around
0-10 the modal20-30
10-20 class. The
30-40mode of given data is
40-50
24.
f 14 13 27 P 15

(i) Find the value of p.

(ii) Compare
Sol:- (i) Sincethe frequencies
mode is 24 so, below
modaland above
class the modal class.
= 20-30
(iii)What We% ofhave,
data Lis=above the
20, i = 10,modal class?
f0 = 13 , f1 = 27 and f2 = p
Mode(Mo) = L + × h
or, 24 = 20 + × 10
or, 24-20 =
or, 4(41-p) = 140
or, 41 – p =35
∴ p=6

(ii) Frequencies below modal class = 14 + 13 = 27

Frequencies above modal class = p +15=6+15=21
Thus, the required comparison in ratio = 27:21= 9:7
(iii) % of data above modal class = x 100% = 28%
 QUARTILES
- Quartiles are the values that divide a data set into four
equal parts.
Types of Quartiles

•Q1(First or Lower Quartile): Separates the lowest 25% of

data.
•Q (Second Quartile or Median):Separates the data into two
NOTES TO BE REMEMBERED
i) At first , arrange the given data either in ascending or
descending order and
then construct cumulative frequency(c.f.) table

ii) Secondly, find Position of quartile by using given formula:

Position of Q1=
Position of Q2=2 = item
Position of Q3=

In c.f column, the value just greater than or equal to is __ and

it’s
corresponding class is quartile class.

iii) Lastly, use the given formula to find the value of asked quartile:

∴ Q1 = L + ∴ Q2 = L + ∴ Q3 = L +

where, L = lower limit of quartile class

N = total frequency
c.f. = cumulative frequency before
quartile class
f = frequency of quartile class
h/i/c = class size /width of class
1) In a class, the students test scores are given. Do the following:
Marks 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
No. of 8 15 20 10 7
std.a cumulative frequency table.
(i) Construct
(ii) Find Q1 ,Q2 , Q3 quartile class.
(iii) Find the value of first and third quartile.
(iv) Find the frequencies above the third quartile class.
Sol: i)Construction of c.f. table ii)Position of Q1===15th item
The c.f. just greater than 15 is 23 and
it’s corresponding
Mark f c.f
s . class is (30-40)
∴ Q1 class =(30-40)
20-30 8 8
30-40 15 23 Now, Position of Q2===30th item
40-50 20 43 The c.f. just greater than 30 is 43 and
it’s corresponding
50-60 10 53
class is (40-50)
60-70 7 60 ∴ Q2 class =(40-50)
N=6
0 Also, Position of Q3==3=45th item
The c.f. just greater than 45 is 53 and
it’s corresponding
iii) For Q1 , For Q3 ,
L = 30, i = 10, f = 15, c .f.=8 L = 50, i = 10, f =
10, c .f.=43
We know that, We know that,
∴ Q1 = L + ∴ Q3 = L +
= 30 + = 50 +
= 30 + = 50 +
= 30 + = 50 +
= 34.67 = 52

iv) Frequency above the third quartile class = 7

Frequency below the first quartile class = 8
2) The Q3 of the given data is 53.75.
C.I 0-10 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60-
20 30 40 50 60 70
f 5 8 7 12 28 P 10
(i) Construct a cumulative frequency table.
(ii) Find the third quartile class.
(iii) Find the value of P.
(iv)Find the value of first quartile

Sol:- (i) Construction of cumulative frequency table:

ii) Since Q3 is 53.75 So, third quartile
C.I f
class is 50 – 60 c.f
0-10 5 5
10- 8 13 iii) For Q3 ; L = 50, i = 10, f = P, c .f.=60
20 We have,
∴ Q3 = L +
20- 7 20
30 or, 53.75 = 50 +
or, 53.75 -50 =
30- 12 32 or,3.75 =
40
or, 7.5P = 15P - 150
40- 28 60 or, 150 =7.5P
50 ∴P =20
50- P 60+
(iv) For Q1 ,
L = 30, i = 10, f = 12, c .f.=20 , N= 70+P = 70+20 =90

We know that,

∴ Q1 = L +
= 30 +
= 30 +
= 30 +
= 30+ 2.08
= 32.08

Thus , the value of first quartile is 32.08.

**THE END**