Chapter 8
How do organisms reproduce?
Reproduction
What is reproduction?
The production of a new organism from the
existing organism of same species is known
as Reproduction
Why is it necessary?
For the continuation of existing species
Evolution
What is evolution?
Theproduction of new organism from the
existing organism of different species is
known as Evolution
Why is it necessary?
For
the generation of new species and
adaptation
Binary
Fission
Multiple
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Asexual Budding
Reproductio
Spore formation
Vegetative propagation Cutting
n
Artificial propagation Grafting
Humans Layering
Sexual
Plants
Asexual reproduction
No male and female
Only one organism can produce another on
by itself
Binary fission
Simplest method of reproduction in unicellular organisms
One organisms divides to form two new organisms
During binary fission first nucleus lengthens and then
divides in two parts. After that cytoplasm divides into two
parts, one part around each nucleus
Examples
Amoeba
Paramecium
Archaea bacteria
Multiple fission
Occurs in unicellular organisms
Parent organism divides t form many new organisms
In multiple fusion nucleus of parent organism divides several
times and cytoplasm divides with it to form many new
daughter organisms
Incertain unfavorable conditions cyst is formed around the
parent organism and cyst breaks apart to release daughter
organisms when conditions are favorable
Examples
Plasmodium
Amoeba
Fragmentation
Thebreaking up of body into two or many
pieces on maturing is known as
fragmentation
Examples
Spirogyra
Regeneration
When any organism is cut into pieces, all the
pieces will grow to form a complete new
organism
Examples
Hydra
Planarian
Budding
In budding small part of the body of the
parent grows out as a ‘bud’ and after some
time it detaches to become a new organism.
Examples
Hydra
Planaria
Spore formation
Spores are the microscopic reproductive
units of plants which are covered by
protective coat
When protective coat bursts, the spores
spread into the air.
Theseair-borne spores settles on a food and
under favorable condition germinate to
produce new organisms
Vegetative propagation
This is the asexual reproduction used by plants only
Invegetative propagation new plants grow fro the plant
parts like roots, stem and leaves of old plant
In suitable condition dormant state of bud present in the
different plant parts grow to become new plant
Examples
Bryophyllum (buds are present in leaves)
Potato (buds are present in tuber)
Cutting
It is an artificial method of vegetative propagation
In Cutting method as name suggests a small part
of stem or shoot or leaf having bud is cut and
buried into moist soli to grow exactly similar plant
Examples
Rose
Bougainvillea
Ground Layering
A part of the stem is pulled towards the ground and
covered by the soil
Oncethe covered part develops its own roots it is
detached from the parent plant
Examples
Lemon
Bougainvillea
Chrysanthemum
Air Layering
The soil containing nutrients an moisture is
wrapped around a branch or stem
Afterthat part grows its own roots it is
detached from the plant
Examples
Lemon
Bougainvillea
Chrysanthemum
Grafting
In this method cut stem of two different
plants, one with root and other without roots
are joined together in such a way that they
unite to grow as one plant
Stem without root is called Scion
Stem with root is called stock
Grafting is useful to produce new hybrid
plants with required characteristics
Sexual reproduction
Most of the plants and animals do sexual reproduction
In sexual reproduction male and female organisms are responsible to
produce a progeny
Sexual reproduction is better than asexual reproduction in many ways
In asexual reproduction only one parent is responsible, so DNA structure of
parent and progeny is similar and very less variation occurs in new
generations
While in sexual reproduction progeny is developed from 50-50 % of DNA of
male and female parent so there are more chances of variation in new
generation
In sexual reproduction male produces the male gamete and female
produces the female gamete
Both male and female gamete combine, which is known as fertilization, to
produce zygote which later develops into embryo to produce new organism
Sexual reproduction in flowering
plants
In plants Flowers are the sexual organs which contain both
male and female sexual parts necessary for reproduction
Androecium (stamen) is the male reproductive part
Different parts of Androecium are
Anther (contains pollen)
Filament
Gynoecium (carpel) is the female reproductive part
Stigma
Style
Ovary (contains ovule)
Fertilization in Flowers
During self or cross pollination occurs, with the help of
different carriers, pollen attaches itself on stigma from
where it develops pollen tube to transfer pollen grain to the
ovule for the fertilization process
After fertilization the ovule is converted into seeds and the
walls of ovary grows to become fruit
Sexual reproduction in humans
Male reproductive organ is testis
Female reproductive organ is ovaries
Theage at which male and female can produce their gametes is
known as puberty
Girls
attain puberty at the age of 12 years and start producing
female gametes (Ovum)
Boys attain puberty at the age of 13 to 14 years and start
producing male gametes (sperms)
During puberty many more changes occurs in male and female
body
This stage of life between childhood and adulthood is known as
‘adolescence’
Male reproductive system
Testis:Paired oval shaped gland which produces sperms and
testosterone.
Scrotum:scrotum is a muscular pouch present outside the
abdominal cavity which protects the testis and keep its
temperature 2-3 0C less than the body temperature
Epidermis:from epidermis sperms enters from testis into
vasdeference
Vasdeference: It transports the sperms from epidermis to the
urethra via seminal vesicle and prostate gland
Seminal vesicle: It releases the seminal fluid to make a semen
Prostate gland: releases prostate fluid to make semen
Urethra: take semen to penis
Penis: releases the semen in vagina from genital pore
Female reproductive system
Ovaries:
Produces Ovule and hormones like Estrogen
and Progesterone
Fallopian Tube (Oviduct) : Transports Ovule to the
uterus
Uterus: Provide shelter to the developing ovule
Cervix: Uterus opens into the cervix
Vagina: tubular structure which receives sperms from
penis
Fertilization
Menstrual cycle
• After every 28 days
the walls and blood
capillaries of uterus
starts to come out of
vagina with
unfertilized ovule,
this is called
menstruation
Menopause
Ovaries stops producing ovules after age of 48 to 55
years
Sexually transmitted disease (STD)
Syphilis (Bacteria Treponima Palidium)
Gonorrhea (Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea)
AIDS (Virus HIV)
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome)
HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency)
Contraceptive methods
Male: Condoms, Vasectomy
Female: Copper T, tubectomy, Oral pills, vaginal
pills