Chapter 1
Chemical Reactions & Equations
Difference
• Chemical change and Physical change
Periodic Table
• Dynamic Periodic Table - [Link]
Elements
1 - H - Hydrogen 11 - Na - Sodium 21 - Sc - Scandium
2 - He - Helium 12 - Mg - 22 - Ti - Titanium
3 - Li - Lithium Magnesium 23 - V - Vanadium
4 - Be - Beryllium 13 - Al - Aluminium 24 - Cr - Chromium
5 - B - Boron 14 - Si - Silicon 25 - Mn -
6 - C - Carbon 15 - P - Phosphorus Manganese
7 - N - Nitrogen 16 - S - Sulphur 26 - Fe - Iron
8 - O - Oxygen 17 - Cl - Chlorine 27 - Co - Cobalt
9 - F - Fluorine 18 - Ar - Argon 28 - Ni - Nickel
10 - Ne - Neon 19 - K - Potassium 29 - Cu - Copper
20 - Ca - Calcium 30 - Zn - Zinc
Latin names
Element Symbol Latin Name
Antimony Sb Stibium
Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
Mercury Hg Hydragyrum
Potassium K Kalium
Silver Ag Argentum
Sodium Na Natrium
Tin Sn Stannum
Tungsten W Wolfram
Valency
Chemical reaction
• The process of interaction of substances to form
new substance is called chemical reaction
• Indications of chemical changes
• Change in state
• Change in colour
• Evolution of gas or precipitates
• Change in temperature
Chemical reactions in daily life
• Milk changes into curd
• Rusting
• Rancidity
• Fermentation
• Cooking
• Burning
• Digestion
• Respiration
• Photosynthesis
Describe chemical reaction
• Three ways to describe chemical reation
Describe the chemical reaction in words
Write a chemical equation using words
Write a chemical equation using symbols
Chemical equation
•Reactant
States of matterProduct
s
• (s) Solid s
• (l) Liquid
• (g) Gas
• (aq) Aqueous
Activity 1.1
Magnesium Magnesium
Oxyge
(Silvery- Oxide
n
white) (White)
• 1.1.mp4
Activity 1.2
Lead Potassium Lead Potassium
nitrate Iodide iodide nitrate
(colourless) (colourless) (Yellow) (grey)
• 1.2.mp4
Activity 1.3
Zin Hydrochloric Zinc Hydrogen
c Acid chloride
• 1.3.mp4
Balancing the chemical equation
• Unbalanced chemical equation (Skeletal chemical
equation)
• Balanced chemical equation
Balance the following chemical reactions
Answer
•3
Balance by MNOH method
Answer
Balance by ABCD method
Answer
•4
Types of chemical reactions
• Combination reaction
• Decomposition reaction
• Displacement reaction
• Double displacement reaction
• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Redox
Combination reaction (Exothermic)
• Reaction in which single product is formed from
two or more reactants is called combination
reaction
• In most combination reactions heat is released
along with the formation of products
• Reactions in which heat is released along with the
formation of products is called exothermic
reactions
Examples
• Formation of slaked lime by the reaction of calcium oxide with
water
• Burning of coal
• Formation of water from H2 and O2
• Burning of natural gas
• Respiration
• Decomposition
Activity 1.4
Calcium Water Calcium
Oxide Hydroxide
• This reaction is used in white washing
• 1.4.mp4
• 1.4 (2).mp4
Remember
• CaO (Calcium oxide) (Quick lime) (Burnt lime)
(Lime)
• Ca(OH)2 (Calcium hydroxide) (Slaked lime)
• CaCO3 (Calcium carbonate) (Lime stone) (Chalk)
(Marble) (Calcite)
Remember
Remember
CaO
at
H2
He
O
Ca(OH
CaCO3
)2
CO2
Decomposition reaction (endothermic)
• Reaction in which two or more than two products are
formed from one reactant is called decomposition
reaction
• Reaction in which single reactant breaks down to form
simpler products is called decomposition reaction
• Many decomposition reactions absorbs heat, light or
electrical energy from their surrounding to break the
bonds present in reactant to form products
• Reaction in which energy is absorbed is called
endothermic reaction
Examples
• Thermal decomposition
• Electrolysis of water
• Decomposition by light
Activity 1.5
Iron(ii) Iron(iii) oxide Sulphur Sulphur
sulphate dioxide trioxide
• FeSO4 green colour
• Fe2O3 Reddish brown colour
• 1.5.mp4
Activity 1.6
Lead Nitrate Lead Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Oxygen
• Pb(NO3)2 White
• PbO Yellow colour
• NO2 Brown
• 1.6.mp4
Activity 1.7
• + terminal anode
• - terminal cathode
• + ion cation
• - ion anion
• 1.7.mp4
Activity 1.8
Silver Silver Chlorin
Chloride e
• AgCl White colour
• Ag silver colour
• This reaction is used in black and white photography
• 1.8.mp4
Only Endothermic reaction
• Barium hydroxide and ammonium chloride.mp4
Displacement Reaction
• Reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is
displaced by other atom or group of atoms is called
displacement reaction
• Highly reactive atom can displace less reactive atom
• Reactivity series is as follows
• K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu
> Hg > Ag > Au > Pt
• Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium >
Aluminium > Zinc > Iron > Lead > Hydrogen >
Copper > Mercury > Silver > Gold > Platinum
• Please Send Camel Monkey And Zebra In Large
Examples
Activity 1.9
Iro Copper Iron(ii) Coppe
n Sulphate Sulphate r
• Fe Silvery shiny colour
• Cu Brownish colour
• FeSO4 Pale green colour
• CuSO4 Blue colour
• 1.9.mp4
Double displacement reaction
• Reaction in which there is an exchange of ions
between the reactants is called double
displacement reaction
Example
Activity 1.10
Sodium Barium Barium Sodium
sulphate chloride sulphate chloride
• Na2SO4 colourless
• BaCl2 colourless
• BaSO4 White colour
Oxidation
• Reaction in which oxygen is added or hydrogen is
removed is called oxidation
• Substance which gains oxygen or loses hydrogen is
said to be oxidised
• Substance which oxidises other substance is called
an oxidising agent
Example
• Cu is getting oxidises in CuO
• O2 is an oxidising agent
Reduction
• Reaction in which hydrogen is added or oxygen is
removed is called reduction
• Substance which gains hydrogen or loses oxygen is
said to be reduced
• Substance which reduces other substance is called
a reducing agent
Example
• CuO is getting reduced in Cu
• H2 is a reducing agent
Redox
• Reaction in which oxidation and reduction both
occurs simultaneously is called redox
• In redox one substance will be oxidised and other
will be reduced
Example
ZnO is getting reduced to Zn
C is getting oxidised CO
MnO2 is getting reduced MnCl2
HCl is getting oxidised Cl2
Note
• Substance which will be oxidised is also a
reducing agent
• Substance which will be reduced is also an
oxidising agent
Corrosion
• Many metals, due to air and moisture, forms an
oxide layer on their surface. This process is called
corrosion
Drawbacks of corrosion
• Metal surface becomes dull
• Integrity and strength of metal artefact weakens
Prevent corrosion
• Coat of oil
• Coat of paint
• Galvanization
• Chrome plating
• Alloys
Rancidity
• When fat and oils present in food get oxidised, they
become rancid and their smell and taste change.
This process is called rancidity.
Prevent rancidity
• Antioxidants
• Vacuum packing
• Adding inert gas
• Refrigeration
• Packing of food